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This proceedings paper reports on the theoretical modelling of particle acceleration in magnetised turbulent plasmas. It briefly reviews some recent findings obtained from fully kinetic numerical simulations of large-amplitude, semi to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-18 M. Lemoine

The subject of this paper is stochastic acceleration by plasma turbulence, a process akin to the original model proposed by Fermi. We review the relative merits of different acceleration models, in particular the so called first order Fermi…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-05 Vahe Petrosian

This work provides a concrete implementation of E. Fermi's model of particle acceleration in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, connecting the rate of energization to the gradients of the velocity of magnetic field lines, which it…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-11-30 Martin Lemoine

Shear flows, ubiquitous in space and astrophysical plasmas, can accelerate particles through turbulence excited by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. We present the first numerical study of particle acceleration in non-relativistic,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-16 Mingxuan Liu , Mateusz Ruszkowski , Ellen Zweibel , Xiaochen Sun , Damiano Caprioli , Naixin Liang , Siang Peng Oh , Anatoly Spitkovsky

We discuss the phenomenon of energization of relativistic charged particles in three-dimensional (3D) incompressible MHD turbulence and the diffusive properties of the motion of the same particles. We show that the random electric field…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-04-05 Oreste Pezzi , Pasquale Blasi , William H. Matthaeus

Nonthermal acceleration of particles in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence plays a central role in a wide variety of astrophysical sites. This physics is addressed here in the context of a strong turbulence, composed of coherent…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-10-06 Martin Lemoine

Relativistic sources, e.g. gamma-ray bursts, pulsar wind nebulae and powerful active galactic nuclei produce relativistic outflows that lead to the formation of collisionless shock waves, where particle acceleration is thought to take…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-03 Martin Lemoine , Guy Pelletier

In turbulent magnetized plasmas, charged particles can be accelerated to high energies through their interactions with the turbulent motions. As they do so, they draw energy from the turbulence, possibly up to the point where they start…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-03-11 M. Lemoine , K. Murase , F. Rieger

Stochastic particle acceleration in turbulent plasmas plays a key role in shaping high-energy emission from relativistic outflows, such as those in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and microquasars. While traditional Fermi-II models provide a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-11 Anton Dmytriiev , Frans van der Merwe , Markus Böttcher

The acceleration of charged particles in magnetized plasmas is considered during turbulent multi-island magnetic reconnection. The particle acceleration model is constructed for an ensemble of islands which produce adiabatic compression of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Nicolas Bian , Eduard Kontar

Stochastic acceleration of electrons and protons by waves propagating parallel to the large scale magnetic fields of magnetized plasmas is studied with emphasis on the feasibility of accelerating particles from a thermal background to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-16 Vahé Petrosian , Siming Liu

One of the main features of astrophysical shocks is their ability to accelerate particles to extremely high energies. The leading acceleration mechanism, the diffusive shock acceleration is reviewed. It is demonstrated that its efficiency…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-06 M. A. Malkov , P. H. Diamond

We study stochastic acceleration models for the Fermi bubbles. Turbulence is excited just behind the shock front via Kelvin--Helmholtz, Rayleigh--Taylor, or Richtmyer--Meshkov instabilities, and plasma particles are continuously accelerated…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-11-10 Kento Sasaki , Katsuaki Asano , Toshio Terasawa

Hot accretion flows contain collisionless plasmas that are believed to be capable of accelerating particles to very high energies, as a result of turbulence generated by the magnetorotational instability (MRI). We conduct unstratified…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-07-14 Xiaochen Sun , Xue-Ning Bai

Collisionless, magnetized turbulence offers a promising framework for the generation of non-thermal high-energy particles in various astrophysical sites. Yet, the detailed mechanism that governs particle acceleration has remained subject to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-08-17 Virginia Bresci , Martin Lemoine , Laurent Gremillet , Luca Comisso , Lorenzo Sironi , Camilia Demidem

In high-energy astrophysics, interpreting observed spectra hinges on understanding the competition between energy gains and radiative losses. To progress along these lines, we report on particle-in-cell simulations of particle acceleration…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-17 M. Lemoine , V. Bresci , L. Gremillet

Fast particles are accelerated in astrophysical environments by a variety of processes. Acceleration in reconnection sites has attracted the attention of researchers recently. In this letter we analyze the energy distribution evolution of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-04 Grzegorz Kowal , Elisabete M. de Gouveia Dal Pino , Alex Lazarian

In highly conducting astrophysical plasmas, charged particles are generically accelerated through Fermi-type processes involving repeated interactions with moving magnetized scattering centers. The present paper proposes a generalized…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-11-19 Martin Lemoine

Shear flows are ubiquitously present in space and astrophysical plasmas. This paper highlights the central idea of the non-thermal acceleration of charged particles in shearing flows and reviews some of the recent developments. Topics…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-09-17 Frank M. Rieger

The theory of diffusive acceleration of energetic particles at shock fronts assumes charged particles undergo spatial diffusion in a uniform magnetic field. If, however, the magnetic field is not uniform, but has a stochastic or braided…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. G. Kirk , P. Duffy , Y. A. Gallant
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