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Genetic programming is a powerful heuristic search technique that is used for a number of real world applications to solve among others regression, classification, and time-series forecasting problems. A lot of progress towards a theoretic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-09-24 Gabriel Kronberger , Stephan Winkler , Michael Affenzeller , Andreas Beham , Stefan Wagner

Traceless Genetic Programming (TGP) is a new Genetic Programming (GP) that may be used for solving difficult real-world problems. The main difference between TGP and other GP techniques is that TGP does not explicitly store the evolved…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Mihai Oltean

The search for symbolic regression models with genetic programming (GP) has a tendency of revisiting expressions in their original or equivalent forms. Repeatedly evaluating equivalent expressions is inefficient, as it does not immediately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca , Gabriel Kronberger

Evolutionary symbolic regression approaches are powerful tools that can approximate an explicit mapping between input features and observation for various problems. However, ensuring that explored expressions maintain consistency with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-19 Maximilian Reissmann , Yuan Fang , Andrew Ooi , Richard Sandberg

We introduce the use of high order automatic differentiation, implemented via the algebra of truncated Taylor polynomials, in genetic programming. Using the Cartesian Genetic Programming encoding we obtain a high-order Taylor representation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-11-16 Dario Izzo , Francesco Biscani , Alessio Mereta

Geometric Semantic Genetic Programming (GSGP) is a state-of-the-art machine learning method based on evolutionary computation. GSGP performs search operations directly at the level of program semantics, which can be done more efficiently…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Leonardo Trujillo , Jose Manuel Muñoz Contreras , Daniel E Hernandez , Mauro Castelli , Juan J Tapia

Gene expression programming is an evolutionary optimization algorithm with the potential to generate interpretable and easily implementable equations for regression problems. Despite knowledge gained from previous optimizations being…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Maximilian Reissmann , Yuan Fang , Andrew S. H. Ooi , Richard D. Sandberg

Learning symbolic expressions directly from experiment data is a vital step in AI-driven scientific discovery. Nevertheless, state-of-the-art approaches are limited to learning simple expressions. Regressing expressions involving many…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Nan Jiang , Yexiang Xue

The mathematical formula is the human language to describe nature and is the essence of scientific research. Finding mathematical formulas from observational data is a major demand of scientific research and a major challenge of artificial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Yanjie Li , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Jingyi Liu , Wenqiang Li , Meilan Hao , Shu Wei , Yusong Deng

Genetic algorithm (GA) is an efficient tool for solving optimization problems by evolving solutions, as it mimics the Darwinian theory of natural evolution. The mutation operator is one of the key success factors in GA, as it is considered…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-23 Esra'a Alkafaween , Ahmad B. A. Hassanat

Interpretability is crucial for machine learning in many scenarios such as quantitative finance, banking, healthcare, etc. Symbolic regression (SR) is a classic interpretable machine learning method by bridging X and Y using mathematical…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-17 Ying Jin , Weilin Fu , Jian Kang , Jiadong Guo , Jian Guo

Symbolic regression, as one of the most crucial tasks in AI for science, discovers governing equations from experimental data. Popular approaches based on genetic programming, Monte Carlo tree search, or deep reinforcement learning learn…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Nan Jiang , Yexiang Xue

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover concise closed-form mathematical equations from data, a task fundamental to scientific discovery. However, the problem is highly challenging because closed-form equations lie in a complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Samuel Holt , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

We develop a symbolic regression framework for extracting the governing mathematical expressions from observed data. The evolutionary approach, faiGP, is designed to leverage the properties of a function algebra that have been encoded into…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Shahab Razavi , Eric R. Gamazon

Identifying the mathematical relationships that best describe a dataset remains a very challenging problem in machine learning, and is known as Symbolic Regression (SR). In contrast to neural networks which are often treated as black boxes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Tony Tohme , Dehong Liu , Kamal Youcef-Toumi

In this paper, we present a machine learning method for the discovery of analytic solutions to differential equations. The method utilizes an inherently interpretable algorithm, genetic programming based symbolic regression. Unlike…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Hongsup Oh , Roman Amici , Geoffrey Bomarito , Shandian Zhe , Robert Kirby , Jacob Hochhalter

In Symbolic Regression (SR), Genetic Programming (GP) is a popular search algorithm that delivers state-of-the-art results in term of accuracy. Its success relies on the concept of neutrality, which induces large plateaus that the search…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca , Gabriel Kronberger

Symbolic regression (SR) with genetic programming (GP) aims to discover interpretable mathematical expressions directly from data. Despite its strong empirical success, the theoretical understanding of why GP-based SR generalizes beyond the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Masahiro Nomura , Ryoki Hamano , Isao Ono

This paper describes Postfix-GP system, postfix notation based Genetic Programming (GP), for solving symbolic regression problems. It presents an object-oriented architecture of Postfix-GP framework. It assists the user in understanding of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-07-08 Vipul K. Dabhi , Sanjay Chaudhary

Automated scientific discovery aims to improve scientific understanding through machine learning. A central approach in this field is symbolic regression, which uses genetic programming or sparse regression to learn interpretable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Sigur de Vries , Sander W. Keemink , Marcel A. J. van Gerven