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The goal of these lectures is to review some mathematical aspects of random tree models used in evolutionary biology to model gene trees or species trees. We start with stochastic models of tree shapes (finite trees without edge lengths),…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-08-30 Amaury Lambert

In networks that grow by isotropic redirection (IR), a new node selects an initial target node uniformly at random and attaches to a randomly chosen neighbor of the target. The emerging networks exhibit leaf proliferation, in which the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-03 Harrison Hartle , P. L. Krapivsky , S. Redner , Yuanzhao Zhang

We show that an algorithmic construction of sequences of recursive trees leads to a direct proof of the convergence of random recursive trees in an associated Doob-Martin compactification; it also gives a representation of the limit in…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-07-01 Rudolf Grübel , Igor Michailow

Neural Networks and Decision Trees: two popular techniques for supervised learning that are seemingly disconnected in their formulation and optimization method, have recently been combined in a single construct. The connection pivots on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-27 Giuseppe Nuti , Lluís Antoni Jiménez Rugama , Kaspar Thommen

This Letter introduces a generalization of known duplication-divergence models for growing random graphs. This general duplication-divergence model includes a new coupled divergence asymmetry rate, which allows to obtain the structure of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-12-04 Dario Borrelli

We propose a generalized model for uniform recursive tree (URT) by introducing an imperfect growth process, which may generate disconnected components (clusters). The model undergoes an interesting phase transition from a singly connected…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-04-18 Zhongzhi Zhang , Shuigeng Zhou , Shanghong Zhao , Jihong Guan , Tao Zou

We study a model of growing planar tree graphs where in each time step we separate the tree into two components by splitting a vertex and then connect the two pieces by inserting a new link between the daughter vertices. This model…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Francois David , Mark Dukes , Thordur Jonsson , Sigurdur Orn Stefansson

A non-local model describing the growth of a tree-like transportation network with given allocation rules is proposed. In this model we focus on tree like networks, and the network transports the very resource it needs to build itself. Some…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2019-07-24 Olivier Bui , Xavier Leoncini

We study a random recursive tree model featuring complete redirection called the random friend tree and introduced by Saram\"aki and Kaski. Vertices are attached in a sequential manner one by one by selecting an existing target vertex and…

By introducing the notions of living and dead nodes a new model of random tree evolution with continuous time parameter has been constructed. It is assumed that two random variables, the lifetime and the offspring number of living nodes…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 L. Pal

Recently proposed budding tree is a decision tree algorithm in which every node is part internal node and part leaf. This allows representing every decision tree in a continuous parameter space, and therefore a budding tree can be jointly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-12-22 Ozan İrsoy , Ethem Alpaydın

Random spanning trees are among the most prominent determinantal point processes. We give four examples of random spanning trees on ladder-like graphs whose rungs form stationary renewal processes or regenerative processes of order two,…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-04-04 Achim Klenke

This extended abstract is dedicated to the analysis of the height of non-plane unlabelled rooted binary trees. The height of such a tree chosen uniformly among those of size $n$ is proved to have a limiting theta distribution, both in a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-07-16 Nicolas Broutin , Philippe Flajolet

We consider a preferential attachment random graph with self-reinforcement. Each time a new vertex comes in, it attaches itself to an old vertex with a probability that is proportional to the sum of the degrees of that old vertex at all…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Yogesh Dahiya , Frank den Hollander

It is known that recursive training from generative models can lead to the so called `collapse' of the simulated probability distribution. This note shows that one in fact gets two different asymptotic behaviours depending on whether an…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-30 Vivek Shripad Borkar

We consider Gibbs distributions on finite random plane trees with bounded branching. We show that as the order of the tree grows to infinity, the distribution of any finite neighborhood of the root of the tree converges to a limit. We…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-03-04 Yuri Bakhtin

The properties of randomly evolving special trees having defined and analyzed already in two earlier papers (arXiv:cond-mat/0205650 and arXiv:cond-mat/0211092) have been investigated in the case when the continuous time parameter converges…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 L. Pal

Given a set S of n \geq d points in general position in R^d, a random hyperplane split is obtained by sampling d points uniformly at random without replacement from S and splitting based on their affine hull. A random hyperplane search tree…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2011-06-03 Luc Devroye , James King

Uniform attachment with freezing is an extension of the classical model of random recursive trees, in which trees are recursively built by attaching new vertices to old ones. In the model of uniform attachment with freezing, vertices are…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Anna Brandenberger , Simon Briend , Hannah Cairns , Robin Khanfir , Igor Kortchemski

This study is dedicated to precise distributional analyses of the height of non-plane unlabelled binary trees ("Otter trees"), when trees of a given size are taken with equal likelihood. The height of a rooted tree of size $n$ is proved to…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-11-12 Nicolas Broutin , Philippe Flajolet