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Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in complex decision-making tasks. This progress raises a natural question: how do these artificial systems compare to biological agents, which have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shuo Han , German Espinosa , Junda Huang , Daniel A. Dombeck , Malcolm A. MacIver , Bradly C. Stadie

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents often exhibit learning behaviors that are not intuitively interpretable by human observers, which can result in suboptimal feedback in collaborative teaching settings. Yet, how humans perceive and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Bernhard Hilpert , Muhan Hou , Kim Baraka , Joost Broekens

Reasoning is a fundamental cognitive process underlying inference, problem-solving, and decision-making. While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning capabilities in closed-world settings, they struggle in open-ended and…

We propose the Thinker algorithm, a novel approach that enables reinforcement learning agents to autonomously interact with and utilize a learned world model. The Thinker algorithm wraps the environment with a world model and introduces new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Stephen Chung , Ivan Anokhin , David Krueger

Active inference is a formal approach to study cognition based on the notion that adaptive agents can be seen as engaging in a process of approximate Bayesian inference, via the minimisation of variational and expected free energies.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Filippo Torresan , Keisuke Suzuki , Ryota Kanai , Manuel Baltieri

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents aim at learning by interacting with an environment, and are not designed for representing or reasoning with declarative knowledge. Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) paradigms are strong in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Keting Lu , Shiqi Zhang , Peter Stone , Xiaoping Chen

In humans, perceptual awareness facilitates the fast recognition and extraction of information from sensory input. This awareness largely depends on how the human agent interacts with the environment. In this work, we propose active neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Alexander Ororbia , Ankur Mali

The relationship between a reinforcement learning (RL) agent and an asynchronous environment is often ignored. Frequently used models of the interaction between an agent and its environment, such as Markov Decision Processes (MDP) or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Jaden B. Travnik , Kory W. Mathewson , Richard S. Sutton , Patrick M. Pilarski

Large language models (LLMs) open new possibilities for agentic control in Open RAN, allowing operators to express intents in natural language while delegating low-level execution to autonomous agents. We present A1gent, an agentic RAN…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Hengxu Li , Dongkuan Xu , Mingzhe Chen , Yuchen Liu

This article introduces a reflexion about behavioural specification for interactive and participative agent-based simulation in virtual reality. Within this context, it is neces sary to reach a high level of expressivness in order to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-07-19 Pierre De Loor , Favier Pierre-Alexandre

Our goal is for agents to optimize the right reward function, despite how difficult it is for us to specify what that is. Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) enables us to infer reward functions from demonstrations, but it usually assumes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Rohin Shah , Noah Gundotra , Pieter Abbeel , Anca D. Dragan

During the 60s and 70s, AI researchers explored intuitions about intelligence by writing programs that displayed intelligent behavior. Many good ideas came out from this work but programs written by hand were not robust or general. After…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Hector Geffner

Language Models and Vision Language Models have recently demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in terms of understanding human intentions, reasoning, scene understanding, and planning-like behaviour, in text form, among many others. In…

Reinforcement learning (RL) is inspired by the way human infants and animals learn from the environment. The setting is somewhat idealized because, in actual tasks, other agents in the environment have their own goals and behave adaptively…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yue Lin , Wenhao Li , Hongyuan Zha , Baoxiang Wang

The behavioral dynamics of multi-agent systems have a rich and orderly structure, which can be leveraged to understand these systems, and to improve how artificial agents learn to operate in them. Here we introduce Relational Forward Models…

Eliciting reasoning has emerged as a powerful technique for improving the performance of large language models (LLMs) on complex tasks by inducing thinking. However, their effectiveness in realistic user-engaged agent scenarios remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jiatong Li , Changdae Oh , Hyeong Kyu Choi , Jindong Wang , Sharon Li

Despite their groundbreaking performance, autonomous agents can misbehave when training and environmental conditions become inconsistent, with minor mismatches leading to undesirable behaviors or even catastrophic failures. Robustness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Allahkaram Shafiei , Hozefa Jesawada , Karl Friston , Giovanni Russo

Multiagent systems deployed in the real world need to cooperate with other agents (including humans) nearly as effectively as these agents cooperate with one another. To design such AI, and provide guarantees of its effectiveness, we need…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Robert Loftin , Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Frans A. Oliehoek

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive reasoning abilities, yet their reliance on structured step-by-step processing reveals a critical limitation. In contrast, human cognition fluidly adapts between intuitive, heuristic (System 1)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Alireza S. Ziabari , Nona Ghazizadeh , Zhivar Sourati , Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi , Payam Piray , Morteza Dehghani

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive zero-shot and few-shot generalization capabilities across complex natural language tasks, enabling their widespread use as virtual assistants for diverse applications such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Arjun Vaithilingam Sudhakar