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For large language models (LLMs) to be effective in the financial domain -- where each decision can have a significant impact -- it is necessary to investigate realistic tasks and data. Financial professionals often interact with documents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Varshini Reddy , Rik Koncel-Kedziorski , Viet Dac Lai , Michael Krumdick , Charles Lovering , Chris Tanner

Generative AI, particularly large language models (LLMs), is beginning to transform the financial industry by automating tasks and helping to make sense of complex financial information. One especially promising use case is the automatic…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-11 Zonghan Wu , Congyuan Zou , Junlin Wang , Chenhan Wang , Hangjing Yang , Yilei Shao

As concerns surrounding AI-driven labor displacement intensify in knowledge-intensive sectors, existing benchmarks fail to measure performance on tasks that define practical professional expertise. Finance, in particular, has been…

Large language models (LLMs) excel at many general-purpose natural language processing tasks. However, their ability to perform deep reasoning and mathematical analysis, particularly for complex tasks as required in cryptography, remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Mayar Elfares , Pascal Reisert , Tilman Dietz , Manpa Barman , Ahmed Zaki , Ralf Küsters , Andreas Bulling

This study presents a novel benchmark for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) using challenges derived from the Financial Modeling World Cup (FMWC) Excel competitions. We introduce a methodology for converting 113 existing FMWC…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 David Noever , Forrest McKee

As Large Language Models (LLMs) advance, their potential for widespread societal impact grows simultaneously. Hence, rigorous LLM evaluations are both a technical necessity and social imperative. While numerous evaluation benchmarks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jaime Raldua Veuthey , Zainab Ali Majid , Suhas Hariharan , Jacob Haimes

Hallucination remains a critical challenge for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) in finance. Accurate extraction and precise calculation from tabular data are essential for reliable financial analysis, since even minor numerical errors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mengao Zhang , Jiayu Fu , Tanya Warrier , Yuwen Wang , Tianhui Tan , Ke-wei Huang

Standard benchmarks fixate on how well large language model (LLM) agents perform in finance, yet say little about whether they are safe to deploy. We argue that accuracy metrics and return-based scores provide an illusion of reliability,…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-03 Zichen Chen , Jiaao Chen , Jianda Chen , Misha Sra

Financial large language models (FinLLMs) with multimodal capabilities are envisioned to revolutionize applications across business, finance, accounting, and auditing. However, real-world adoption requires robust benchmarks of FinLLMs' and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Shengyuan Colin Lin , Felix Tian , Keyi Wang , Xingjian Zhao , Jimin Huang , Qianqian Xie , Luca Borella , Matt White , Christina Dan Wang , Kairong Xiao , Xiao-Yang Liu Yanglet , Li Deng

With the increasing deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the finance domain, LLMs are increasingly expected to parse complex regulatory disclosures. However, existing benchmarks often focus on isolated details, failing to reflect…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yidong Jiang , Junrong Chen , Eftychia Makri , Jialin Chen , Peiwen Li , Ali Maatouk , Leandros Tassiulas , Eliot Brenner , Bing Xiang , Rex Ying

Over the past three years, the financial services industry has witnessed Large Language Models (LLMs) and agents transitioning from the exploration stage to readiness and governance stages. Financial large language models (FinLLMs), such as…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Shengyuan Lin , Kaiwen He , Jaisal Patel , Qinchuan Zhang , Chris Ding , James Tang , Keyi Wang , Yupeng Cao , Yan Wang , Kairong Xiao , Vincent Caldeira , Matt White , Xiao-Yang Liu Yanglet

Financial statement auditing is essential for stakeholders to understand a company's financial health, yet current manual processes are inefficient and error-prone. Even with extensive verification procedures, auditors frequently miss…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Rushi Wang , Jiateng Liu , Weijie Zhao , Shenglan Li , Denghui Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various domains, but their effectiveness in financial decision-making remains inadequately evaluated. Current benchmarks primarily assess LLMs' understanding on…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Changlun Li , Yao Shi , Yuyu Luo , Nan Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various NLP tasks, but they still suffer from challenges such as hallucination and weak numerical reasoning. To overcome these challenges, external tools can be used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Kuan Wang , Haotian Sun , Chao Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities across many domains, yet their evaluation in financial quantitative tasks remains fragmented and mostly limited to knowledge-centric question answering. We introduce QuantEval, a…

Financial LLMs hold promise for advancing financial tasks and domain-specific applications. However, they are limited by scarce corpora, weak multimodal capabilities, and narrow evaluations, making them less suited for real-world…

Factuality in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a persistent challenge. Current benchmarks often assess short factual answers, overlooking the critical ability to generate structured, multi-record tabular outputs from parametric knowledge. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Dario Satriani , Enzo Veltri , Donatello Santoro , Paolo Papotti

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have opened new possibilities for artificial intelligence applications in finance. In this paper, we provide a practical survey focused on two key aspects of utilizing LLMs for financial…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-07-10 Yinheng Li , Shaofei Wang , Han Ding , Hang Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in the financial domain. Thus, it becomes important to assess the performance of LLMs in the financial tasks. In this work, we introduce CFBenchmark, to evaluate the performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Yang Lei , Jiangtong Li , Dawei Cheng , Zhijun Ding , Changjun Jiang

This research explores the strengths and weaknesses of domain-adapted Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of financial natural language processing (NLP). The analysis centers on FinMA, a model created within the PIXIU framework,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Prudence Djagba , Abdelkader Y. Saley