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Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) is now a common approach for text classification in a wide range of applications. When labeled documents are scarce, active learning helps save annotation efforts but requires retraining of massive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Artem Vysogorets , Achintya Gopal

Modern large language models (LLMs) are capable of interpreting input strings as instructions, or prompts, and carry out tasks based on them. Unlike traditional learners, LLMs cannot use back-propagation to obtain feedback, and condition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Adrian de Wynter , Xun Wang , Qilong Gu , Si-Qing Chen

We show that large language models (LLMs) exhibit an $\textit{internal chain-of-thought}$: they sequentially decompose and execute composite tasks layer-by-layer. Two claims ground our study: (i) distinct subtasks are learned at different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhipeng Yang , Junzhuo Li , Siyu Xia , Xuming Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at producing broadly relevant text, but this generality becomes a limitation when user-specific preferences are required, such as recommending restaurants or planning travel. In these scenarios, users…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ioannis Tsaknakis , Bingqing Song , Shuyu Gan , Dongyeop Kang , Alfredo Garcia , Gaowen Liu , Charles Fleming , Mingyi Hong

Modern large language models (LLMs) excel at tasks that require storing and retrieving knowledge, such as factual recall and question answering. Transformers are central to this capability because they can encode information during training…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-18 Nuri Mert Vural , Alberto Bietti , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Denny Wu

The chain-of-thought (CoT) paradigm uses the elicitation of step-by-step rationales as a proxy for reasoning, gradually refining the model's latent representation of a solution. However, it remains unclear just how early a Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joey David

Large language models (LLMs) often produce errors, including factual inaccuracies, biases, and reasoning failures, collectively referred to as "hallucinations". Recent studies have demonstrated that LLMs' internal states encode information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hadas Orgad , Michael Toker , Zorik Gekhman , Roi Reichart , Idan Szpektor , Hadas Kotek , Yonatan Belinkov

We introduce a group of related methods for binary classification tasks using probes of the hidden state activations in large language models (LLMs). Performance is on par with the largest and most advanced LLMs currently available, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 John Scoville , Shang Gao , Devanshu Agrawal , Javed Qadrud-Din

Uncovering latent values and opinions embedded in large language models (LLMs) can help identify biases and mitigate potential harm. Recently, this has been approached by prompting LLMs with survey questions and quantifying the stances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Dustin Wright , Arnav Arora , Nadav Borenstein , Srishti Yadav , Serge Belongie , Isabelle Augenstein

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly transformed the landscape of artificial intelligence, enabling natural language interfaces and dynamic orchestration of software components. However, their reliance on probabilistic inference limits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Claudionor Coelho , Yanen Li , Philip Tee

Whereas the recent emergence of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has exhibited impressive general performance, it still has a large gap with fully-supervised models on specific tasks such as multi-span question answering. Previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Zixian Huang , Jiaying Zhou , Gengyang Xiao , Gong Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance as knowledge repositories, enabling models to understand user queries and generate accurate and context-aware responses. Extensive evaluation setups have corroborated the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Prasoon Bajpai , Sarah Masud , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various reasoning tasks, aided by techniques like chain-of-thought prompting that elicits verbalized reasoning. However, LLMs often generate text with obvious…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Zhihui Xie , Jizhou Guo , Tong Yu , Shuai Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are important tools for reasoning and problem-solving, while they often operate passively, answering questions without actively discovering new ones. This limitation reduces their ability to simulate human-like…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Hong Su

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved tremendous success in the field of Natural Language Processing owing to diverse training paradigms that empower LLMs to effectively capture intricate linguistic patterns and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Lemei Zhang , Peng Liu , Yashar Deldjoo , Yong Zheng , Jon Atle Gulla

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great potential in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, recent literature reveals that LLMs generate nonfactual responses intermittently, which impedes the LLMs' reliability for further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Yukun Zhao , Lingyong Yan , Weiwei Sun , Guoliang Xing , Chong Meng , Shuaiqiang Wang , Zhicong Cheng , Zhaochun Ren , Dawei Yin

Large language models (LLMs) are typically developed through large-scale pre-training followed by task-specific fine-tuning. Recent advances highlight the importance of an intermediate mid-training stage, where models undergo multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Kaixiang Mo , Yuxin Shi , Weiwei Weng , Zhiqiang Zhou , Shuman Liu , Haibo Zhang , Anxiang Zeng

Predicting problem-difficulty in large language models (LLMs) refers to estimating how difficult a task is according to the model itself, typically by training linear probes on its internal representations. In this work, we study the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Stefano Civelli , Pietro Bernardelle , Nicolò Brunello , Gianluca Demartini

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced Table Question Answering, where most queries can be answered by extracting information or simple aggregation. However, a common class of real-world queries is implicitly predictive, requiring the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 An-Yang Ji , Jun-Peng Jiang , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generating non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari