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The development and adoption of Vision Transformers and other deep-learning architectures for image classification tasks has been rapid. However, the "black box" nature of neural networks is a barrier to adoption in applications where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mariano V. Ntrougkas , Nikolaos Gkalelis , Vasileios Mezaris

The apparent ``black box'' nature of neural networks is a barrier to adoption in applications where explainability is essential. This paper presents TAME (Trainable Attention Mechanism for Explanations), a method for generating explanation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Mariano Ntrougkas , Nikolaos Gkalelis , Vasileios Mezaris

In this paper two new learning-based eXplainable AI (XAI) methods for deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) image classifiers, called L-CAM-Fm and L-CAM-Img, are proposed. Both methods use an attention mechanism that is inserted in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Ioanna Gkartzonika , Nikolaos Gkalelis , Vasileios Mezaris

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems power the world we live in. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are able to solve tasks in an ever-expanding landscape of scenarios, but our eagerness to apply these powerful models leads us to focus on their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Loris Giulivi , Mark James Carman , Giacomo Boracchi

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated remarkable success, yet their wide adoption is often hindered by their opaque decision-making. To address this, attribution methods have been proposed to assign relevance values to each part of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Danielle Cohen , Hila Chefer , Lior Wolf

Explainability is a gateway between Artificial Intelligence and society as the current popular deep learning models are generally weak in explaining the reasoning process and prediction results. Local Interpretable Model-agnostic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Sheng Shi , Xinfeng Zhang , Wei Fan

While deep learning models have demonstrated remarkable success in numerous domains, their black-box nature remains a significant limitation, especially in critical fields such as medical image analysis and inference. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 David Zucker

As machine learning algorithms are increasingly applied to high impact yet high risk tasks, such as medical diagnosis or autonomous driving, it is critical that researchers can explain how such algorithms arrived at their predictions. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Ruth Fong , Andrea Vedaldi

Despite outstanding contribution to the significant progress of Artificial Intelligence (AI), deep learning models remain mostly black boxes, which are extremely weak in explainability of the reasoning process and prediction results.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Sheng Shi , Xinfeng Zhang , Wei Fan

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve state-of-the-art performance in medical image analysis yet remain opaque, limiting adoption in high-stakes clinical settings. Existing approaches face a fundamental trade-off: post-hoc methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Kerol Djoumessi , Philipp Berens

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are widely used for visual classification tasks, but their complex computation process and black-box nature hinder decision transparency and interpretability. Class activation maps (CAMs) and recent variants…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Townim Faisal Chowdhury , Kewen Liao , Vu Minh Hieu Phan , Minh-Son To , Yutong Xie , Kevin Hung , David Ross , Anton van den Hengel , Johan W. Verjans , Zhibin Liao

Over the last decade, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models have been highly successful in solving complex vision problems. However, these deep models are perceived as "black box" methods considering the lack of understanding of their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Aditya Chattopadhyay , Anirban Sarkar , Prantik Howlader , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Temporal Graph Neural Network (TGNN) has been receiving a lot of attention recently due to its capability in modeling time-evolving graph-related tasks. Similar to Graph Neural Networks, it is also non-trivial to interpret predictions made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Minh N. Vu , My T. Thai

Neural networks are widely regarded as black-box models, creating significant challenges in understanding their inner workings, especially in natural language processing (NLP) applications. To address this opacity, model explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Melkamu Mersha , Mingiziem Bitewa , Tsion Abay , Jugal Kalita

Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Frincy Clement , Ji Yang , Irene Cheng

Deep convolutional neural networks have proven their effectiveness, and have been acknowledged as the most dominant method for image classification. However, a severe drawback of deep convolutional neural networks is poor explainability.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Bin Wang , Wenbin Pei , Bing Xue , Mengjie Zhang

Traditionally, for most machine learning settings, gaining some degree of explainability that tries to give users more insights into how and why the network arrives at its predictions, restricts the underlying model and hinders performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Robin M. Schmidt

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success across domains but remain difficult to interpret, limiting their trustworthiness in high-stakes applications. This paper focuses on deep vision models, for which a dominant line…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Qiming Zhao , Xingjian Li , Xiaoyu Cao , Xiaolong Wu , Min Xu

Explainability of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) is an important research topic that tries to uncover the reasons behind a DCNN model's decisions and improve their understanding and reliability in high-risk environments. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Syed Ali Tariq , Tehseen Zia , Mubeen Ghafoor

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are deep learning models that take graph data as inputs, and they are applied to various tasks such as traffic prediction and molecular property prediction. However, owing to the complexity of the GNNs, it has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Tetsu Kasanishi , Xueting Wang , Toshihiko Yamasaki
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