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The XTR (conteXtual Token Retrieval) algorithm is a modification to ColBERT retrieval that avoids the costly step of fully gathering and reranking the candidates' embeddings by imputing their missing similarity scores from the initial token…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Rohan Jha , Reno Kriz , Benjamin Van Durme

Multi-vector retrieval models such as ColBERT [Khattab and Zaharia, 2020] allow token-level interactions between queries and documents, and hence achieve state of the art on many information retrieval benchmarks. However, their non-linear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Jinhyuk Lee , Zhuyun Dai , Sai Meher Karthik Duddu , Tao Lei , Iftekhar Naim , Ming-Wei Chang , Vincent Y. Zhao

Multi-vector retrieval methods, exemplified by the ColBERT architecture, have shown substantial promise for retrieval by providing strong trade-offs in terms of retrieval latency and effectiveness. However, they come at a high cost in terms…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Sean MacAvaney , Antonio Mallia , Nicola Tonellotto

Multi-vector representations generated by late interaction models, such as ColBERT, enable superior retrieval quality compared to single-vector representations in information retrieval applications. In multi-vector retrieval systems, both…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Elias Jääsaari , Ville Hyvönen , Teemu Roos

Over the last few years, multi-vector retrieval methods, spearheaded by ColBERT, have become an increasingly popular approach to Neural IR. By storing representations at the token level rather than at the document level, these methods have…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Benjamin Clavié , Antoine Chaffin , Griffin Adams

Multi-vector retrieval (MVR) models, exemplified by ColBERT, have established new benchmarks in retrieval accuracy by preserving fine-grained token-level interactions. However, this granularity imposes prohibitive storage and retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Lixuan Guo , Yifei Wang , Tiansheng Wen , Aosong Feng , Stefanie Jegelka , Chenyu You

Learned multivector representations power modern search systems with strong retrieval effectiveness, but their real-world use is limited by the high cost of exhaustive token-level retrieval. Therefore, most systems adopt a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Silvio Martinico , Franco Maria Nardini , Cosimo Rulli , Rossano Venturini

Late-interaction retrieval models like ColBERT achieve superior accuracy by enabling token-level interactions, but their computational cost hinders scalability and integration with Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS). We introduce…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Ramnath Kumar , Prateek Jain , Cho-Jui Hsieh

ColBERT introduced a late interaction mechanism that independently encodes queries and documents using BERT, and computes similarity via fine-grained interactions over token-level vector representations. This design enables expressive…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Archish S , Ankit Garg , Kirankumar Shiragur , Neeraj Kayal

Text-Video Retrieval (TVR) aims to align relevant video content with natural language queries. To date, most state-of-the-art TVR methods learn image-to-video transfer learning based on large-scale pre-trained visionlanguage models (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Meng Cao , Haoran Tang , Jinfa Huang , Peng Jin , Can Zhang , Ruyang Liu , Long Chen , Xiaodan Liang , Li Yuan , Ge Li

This paper introduces Sparsified Late Interaction for Multi-vector (SLIM) retrieval with inverted indexes. Multi-vector retrieval methods have demonstrated their effectiveness on various retrieval datasets, and among them, ColBERT is the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Minghan Li , Sheng-Chieh Lin , Xueguang Ma , Jimmy Lin

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods encounter difficulties when addressing complex questions like multi-hop queries. While iterative retrieval methods improve performance by gathering additional information, current approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Ziyuan Zhuang , Zhiyang Zhang , Sitao Cheng , Fangkai Yang , Jia Liu , Shujian Huang , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang , Qi Zhang

We introduce WARP (Weight-space Adaptive Recurrent Prediction), a simple yet powerful model that unifies weight-space learning with linear recurrence to redefine sequence modeling. Unlike conventional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) which…

Retrieval augmentation addresses many critical problems in large language models such as hallucination, staleness, and privacy leaks. However, running retrieval-augmented language models (LMs) is slow and difficult to scale due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Qingqing Cao , Sewon Min , Yizhong Wang , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Recent progress in neural information retrieval has demonstrated large gains in effectiveness, while often sacrificing the efficiency and interpretability of the neural model compared to classical approaches. This paper proposes ColBERTer,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Sebastian Hofstätter , Omar Khattab , Sophia Althammer , Mete Sertkan , Allan Hanbury

Visual Document Retrieval (VDR), which aims to retrieve relevant pages within vast corpora of visually-rich documents, is of significance in current multimodal retrieval applications. The state-of-the-art multi-vector paradigm excels in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yibo Yan , Mingdong Ou , Yi Cao , Xin Zou , Jiahao Huo , Shuliang Liu , James Kwok , Xuming Hu

Fast and efficient AI inference is increasingly important, and recent models that directly learn low-level logic operations have achieved state-of-the-art performance. However, existing logic neural networks incur high training costs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Lino Gerlach , Thore Gerlach , Liv Våge , Elliott Kauffman , Isobel Ojalvo

Diversity-aware retrieval is essential for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), yet existing methods lack theoretical guarantees and face scalability issues as the number of retrieved passages $k$ increases. We propose a principled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Qiheng Lu , Nicholas D. Sidiropoulos

We propose a new learning to rank algorithm, named Weighted Margin-Rank Batch loss (WMRB), to extend the popular Weighted Approximate-Rank Pairwise loss (WARP). WMRB uses a new rank estimator and an efficient batch training algorithm. The…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-15 Kuan Liu , Prem Natarajan

Compilation errors represent a significant bottleneck in software development productivity. This paper introduces WARP (Web-Augmented Real-time Program Repairer), a novel system that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) and dynamic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Anderson de Lima Luiz
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