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A framework is presented for the verification of Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications over continuous-time nonlinear systems under uncertainty. Based on reachability analysis, the proposed method addresses indeterminate satisfaction…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Antoine Besset , Joris Tillet , Julien Alexandre dit Sandretto

In this paper the reversibility of executable Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) specifications is investigated. ITL allows for the reasoning about systems in terms of behaviours which are represented as non-empty sequences of states. It allows…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Antonio Cau , Stefan Kuhn , James Hoey

Test-time reinforcement learning (TTRL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for self-evolving large reasoning models (LRMs), enabling online adaptation on unlabeled test inputs via self-induced rewards through majority voting. However, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ruotong Liao , Nikolai Röhrich , Xiaohan Wang , Yuhui Zhang , Yasaman Samadzadeh , Volker Tresp , Serena Yeung-Levy

Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is widely used for defining conditions on the execution paths of dynamic systems. In the case of dynamic systems that allow for nondeterministic evolutions, one has to specify, along with an LTL formula f, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-09-30 M. Pistore , M. Y. Vardi

Formal verification techniques have been playing an important role in pre-silicon validation processes. One of the most important points considered in performing formal verification is to define good verification scopes; we should define…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Yasushi Umezawa , Takeshi Shimizu

Formal analysis of functional and non-functional requirements is crucial in automotive systems. The behaviors of those systems often rely on complex dynamics as well as on stochastic behaviors. We have proposed a probabilistic extension of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Li Huang , Tian Liang , Eun-Young Kang

We develop team semantics for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) to express hyperproperties, which have recently been identified as a key concept in the verification of information flow properties. Conceptually, we consider an asynchronous and a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Andreas Krebs , Arne Meier , Jonni Virtema , Martin Zimmermann

Building mathematical optimization models is critical in operations research (OR), while it requires substantial human expertise. Recent advancements have utilized large language models (LLMs) to automate this modeling process. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Haoyang Liu , Jie Wang , Boxuan Niu , Xiongwei Han , Yian Xu , Mingxuan Ye , Zijie Geng , Fangzhou Zhu , Tao Zhong , Mingxuan Yuan , Jianye Hao

Recent advances in automated theorem proving use Large Language Models (LLMs) to translate informal mathematical statements into formal proofs. However, informal cues are often ambiguous or lack strict logical structure, making it hard for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shashank Kirtania , Arun Iyer

The verification and validation of cyber-physical systems is known to be a difficult problem due to the different modeling abstractions used for control components and for software components. A recent trend to address this difficulty is to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-10-28 Pritam Roy , Paulo Tabuada , Rupak Majumdar

HyperLTL is a temporal logic that can express hyperproperties, i.e., properties that relate multiple execution traces of a system. Such properties are becoming increasingly important and naturally occur, e.g., in information-flow control,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Raven Beutner , Bernd Finkbeiner

Use of formal techniques for verifying the security features of electronic commerce protocols would facilitate, the enhancement of reliability of such protocols, thereby increasing their usability. This paper projects the application of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-01-11 Suvansh Lal

Continuous representations of logic formulae allow us to integrate symbolic knowledge into data-driven learning algorithms. If such embeddings are semantically consistent, i.e. if similar specifications are mapped into nearby vectors, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Sara Candussio , Gaia Saveri , Gabriele Sarti , Luca Bortolussi

Even if the verification of authentication protocols can be achieved by means of formal analysis, the modelling of such an activity is an error-prone task due to the lack of automated and integrated processes. This paper proposes a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Mariapia Raimondo , Stefano Marrone , Angelo Palladino

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a widely employed machine learning architecture that has been applied to a variety of control problems. However, applications in safety-critical domains require a systematic and formal approach to specifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Hosein Hasanbeig , Daniel Kroening , Alessandro Abate

Techniques based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) are increasingly being used to design control policies for robotic systems. RL fundamentally relies on state-based reward functions to encode desired behavior of the robot and bad reward…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Parv Kapoor , Anand Balakrishnan , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

In the past few years LLMs have emerged as a tool that can aid programmers by taking natural language descriptions and generating code based on it. However, the reliability of LLM code generation and current validation techniques for it are…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Aaron Councilman , David Jiahao Fu , Aryan Gupta , Chengxiao Wang , David Grove , Yu-Xiong Wang , Vikram Adve

Runtime verification enables checking temporal logic specifications over individual execution traces and offers a scalable alternative to exhaustive formal verification. In practice, systems must satisfy dozens to hundreds of temporal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Arınç Demir , Dogan Ulus

Autoformalization is the process of automatically translating from natural language mathematics to formal specifications and proofs. A successful autoformalization system could advance the fields of formal verification, program synthesis,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Yuhuai Wu , Albert Q. Jiang , Wenda Li , Markus N. Rabe , Charles Staats , Mateja Jamnik , Christian Szegedy

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), especially those involving autonomy, need guarantees of their safety. Runtime Enforcement (RE) is a lightweight method to formally ensure that some specified properties are satisfied over the executions of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Han Su , Saumya Shankar , Srinivas Pinisetty , Partha S. Roop , Naijun Zhan