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Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Inspired by biology, spiking neural networks (SNNs) process information via discrete spikes over time, offering an energy-efficient alternative to the classical computing paradigm and classical artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Shayan Hundrieser , Philipp Tuchel , Insung Kong , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) with event-based computation are promising brain-inspired models for energy-efficient applications on neuromorphic hardware. However, most supervised SNN training methods, such as conversion from artificial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

While Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been gaining in popularity, it seems that the algorithms used to train them are not powerful enough to solve the same tasks as those tackled by classical Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Karen Adam

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are the so-called third generation of neural networks which attempt to more closely match the functioning of the biological brain. They inherently encode temporal data, allowing for training with less energy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Chethan M. Parameshwara , Simin Li , Cornelia Fermüller , Nitin J. Sanket , Matthew S. Evanusa , Yiannis Aloimonos

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), recognized as the third generation of neural networks, are known for their bio-plausibility and energy efficiency, especially when implemented on neuromorphic hardware. However, the majority of existing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Yi Jiang , Sen Lu , Abhronil Sengupta

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are investigated as biologically inspired models of neural computation, distinguished by their computational capability and energy efficiency due to precise spiking times and sparse spikes with event-driven…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Mingqing Xiao , Yixin Zhu , Di He , Zhouchen Lin

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) operate with asynchronous discrete events (or spikes) which can potentially lead to higher energy-efficiency in neuromorphic hardware implementations. Many works have shown that an SNN for inference can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Nitin Rathi , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Priyadarshini Panda , Kaushik Roy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a hardware efficient architecture for classification tasks. The challenge of spike-based encoding has been the lack of a universal training mechanism performed entirely using spikes. There have…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Anmol Biswas , Vivek Saraswat , Udayan Ganguly

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), providing more realistic neuronal dynamics, have been shown to achieve performance comparable to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in several machine learning tasks. Information is processed as spikes within…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jiaqi Lin , Sen Lu , Malyaban Bal , Abhronil Sengupta

Gradient descent training techniques are remarkably successful in training analog-valued artificial neural networks (ANNs). Such training techniques, however, do not transfer easily to spiking networks due to the spike generation hard…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-17 Hesham Mostafa

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising pathway to implement deep neural networks (DNNs) in a more energy-efficient manner since their neurons are sparsely activated and inferences are event-driven. However, there have been very…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Changze Lv , Jianhan Xu , Xiaoqing Zheng

We propose a novel positional encoding for learning graph on Transformer architecture. Existing approaches either linearize a graph to encode absolute position in the sequence of nodes, or encode relative position with another node using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Wonpyo Park , Woonggi Chang , Donggeon Lee , Juntae Kim , Seung-won Hwang

In robotics, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are increasingly recognized for their largely-unrealized potential energy efficiency and low latency particularly when implemented on neuromorphic hardware. Our paper highlights three advancements…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Somayeh Hussaini , Michael Milford , Tobias Fischer

The local inductive bias of message-passing graph neural networks (GNNs) hampers their ability to exploit key structural information (e.g., connectivity and cycles). Positional encoding (PE) and Persistent Homology (PH) have emerged as two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yogesh Verma , Amauri H. Souza , Vikas Garg

Hardware-based spiking neural networks (SNNs) are regarded as promising candidates for the cognitive computing system due to low power consumption and highly parallel operation. In this work, we train the SNN in which the firing time…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Seongbin Oh , Dongseok Kwon , Gyuho Yeom , Won-Mook Kang , Soochang Lee , Sung Yun Woo , Jang Saeng Kim , Min Kyu Park , Jong-Ho Lee

In recent years, neuromorphic computing and spiking neural networks (SNNs) have ad-vanced rapidly through integration with deep learning. However, the performance of SNNs still lags behind that of convolutional neural networks (CNNs),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hsieh Ching-Teng , Wang Yuan-Kai

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional deep learning frameworks, since they provide higher computational efficiency in event driven neuromorphic hardware. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-05 Gourav Datta , Souvik Kundu , Peter A. Beerel

Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) is widely deployed in Human-Computer Interaction, yet the high computational cost of conventional models hinders their implementation on resource-constrained edge devices. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xun Su , Huamin Wang , Qi Zhang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) represent a promising approach in machine learning, combining the hierarchical learning capabilities of deep neural networks with the energy efficiency of spike-based computations. Traditional end-to-end…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ruyin Wan , Qian Zhang , George Em Karniadakis