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Backpropagation is the cornerstone of deep learning, but its reliance on symmetric weight transport and global synchronization makes it computationally expensive and biologically implausible. Feedback alignment offers a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jeonghwan Cheon , Jaehyuk Bae , Se-Bum Paik

Backpropagation remains the dominant algorithm for training deep neural networks, but it incurs substantial memory overhead and relies on global error propagation, which is often regarded as biologically implausible. The Forward-Forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 James Gong , Bruce Li , Waleed Abdulla

The concept of a recently proposed Forward-Forward learning algorithm for fully connected artificial neural networks is applied to a single multi output perceptron for classification. The parameters of the system are trained with respect to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-07 K. Fredrik Karlsson

This work addresses weight optimization problem for fully-connected feed-forward neural networks. Unlike existing approaches that are based on back-propagation (BP) and chain rule gradient-based optimization (which implies iterative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Slavisa Tomic , João Pedro Matos-Carvalho , Marko Beko

This paper aims to enhance the use of the Frank-Wolfe (FW) algorithm for training deep neural networks. Similar to any gradient-based optimization algorithm, FW suffers from high computational and memory costs when computing gradients for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 M. Rostami , S. S. Kia

Models of sensory processing and learning in the cortex need to efficiently assign credit to synapses in all areas. In deep learning, a known solution is error backpropagation, which however requires biologically implausible weight…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-05 Kevin Max , Laura Kriener , Garibaldi Pineda García , Thomas Nowotny , Ismael Jaras , Walter Senn , Mihai A. Petrovici

Function regression/approximation is a fundamental application of machine learning. Neural networks (NNs) can be easily trained for function regression using a sufficient number of neurons and epochs. The forward-forward learning algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shivam Padmani , Akshay Joshi

Communication overhead is a known bottleneck in federated learning (FL). To address this, lossy compression is commonly used on the information communicated between the server and clients during training. In horizontal FL, where each client…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Pedro Valdeira , João Xavier , Cláudia Soares , Yuejie Chi

The Forward-Forward algorithm is an alternative learning method which consists of two forward passes rather than a forward and backward pass employed by backpropagation. Forward-Forward networks employ layer local loss functions which are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Reece Adamson

Recent years have witnessed the outstanding success of deep learning in various fields such as vision and natural language processing. This success is largely indebted to the massive size of deep learning models that is expected to increase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Ali Momeni , Babak Rahmani , Matthieu Mallejac , Philipp Del Hougne , Romain Fleury

Recent advances in deep neural networks (DNNs) owe their success to training algorithms that use backpropagation and gradient-descent. Backpropagation, while highly effective on von Neumann architectures, becomes inefficient when scaling to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-10 Brian Crafton , Abhinav Parihar , Evan Gebhardt , Arijit Raychowdhury

We introduce the forward-backward (FB) representation of the dynamics of a reward-free Markov decision process. It provides explicit near-optimal policies for any reward specified a posteriori. During an unsupervised phase, we use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Ahmed Touati , Yann Ollivier

The Forward-Forward (FF) learning algorithm provides a bottom-up alternative to backpropagation (BP) for training neural networks, relying on a layer-wise "goodness" function with well-designed negative samples for contrastive learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zhichao Zhu , Yang Qi , Hengyuan Ma , Wenlian Lu , Jianfeng Feng

We propose a new learning framework, signal propagation (sigprop), for propagating a learning signal and updating neural network parameters via a forward pass, as an alternative to backpropagation. In sigprop, there is only the forward path…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Adam Kohan , Edward A. Rietman , Hava T. Siegelmann

Although backpropagation is widely accepted as a training algorithm for artificial neural networks, researchers are always looking for inspiration from the brain to find ways with potentially better performance. Forward-Forward is a novel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Hossein Aghagolzadeh , Mehdi Ezoji

A reflex is a simple closed loop control approach which tries to minimise an error but fails to do so because it will always react too late. An adaptive algorithm can use this error to learn a forward model with the help of predictive cues.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Sama Daryanavard , Bernd Porr

Catastrophic forgetting has been a major challenge in continual learning, where the model needs to learn new tasks with limited or no access to data from previously seen tasks. To tackle this challenge, methods based on knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Qiao Gu , Dongsub Shim , Florian Shkurti

In this paper, a communication-efficient federated learning (FL) framework is proposed for improving the convergence rate of FL under a limited uplink capacity. The central idea of the proposed framework is to transmit the values and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-21 Jaewon Yun , Yongjeong Oh , Yo-Seb Jeon , H. Vincent Poor

Zero-shot reinforcement learning is necessary for extracting optimal policies in absence of concrete rewards for fast adaptation to future problem settings. Forward-backward representations (FB) have emerged as a promising method for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Núria Armengol Urpí , Marin Vlastelica , Georg Martius , Stelian Coros

Backpropagation is still the de facto algorithm used today to train neural networks. With the exponential growth of recent architectures, the computational cost of this algorithm also becomes a burden. The recent PEPITA and forward-only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Paul Caillon , Alex Colagrande , Erwan Fagnou , Blaise Delattre , Alexandre Allauzen