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This paper investigates whether formal specifications using Java Modeling Language (JML) can enhance the quality of Large Language Model (LLM)-generated Javadocs. While LLMs excel at producing documentation from code alone, we hypothesize…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Juan Carlos Recio Abad , Ruben Saborido , Francisco Chicano

We introduce a novel framework for evaluating the alignment between natural language plans and their expected behavior by converting them into Kripke structures and Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) using Large Language Models (LLMs) and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Keshav Ramani , Vali Tawosi , Salwa Alamir , Daniel Borrajo

While reachability analysis is one of the most promising approaches for formal verification of dynamic systems, a major disadvantage preventing a more widespread application is the requirement to manually tune algorithm parameters such as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Niklas Kochdumper , Stanley Bak

Chain-of-Thought reasoning has emerged as a powerful approach for solving complex mathematical and logical problems. However, it can often veer off track through incorrect or unsubstantiated inferences. Formal mathematical reasoning, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Maria-Florina Balcan , Avrim Blum , Zhiyuan Li , Dravyansh Sharma

Cryptographic protocols play a fundamental role in securing modern digital infrastructure, but they are often deployed without prior formal verification. This could lead to the adoption of distributed systems vulnerable to attack vectors.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Cristian Curaba , Denis D'Ambrosi , Alessandro Minisini , Natalia Pérez-Campanero Antolín

It is important to have multi-agent robotic system specifications that ensure correctness properties of safety and liveness. As these systems have concurrency, and often have dynamic environment, the formal specification and verification of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-04-20 Nadeem Akhtar , Malik M. Saad Missen

Logic has proved essential for formally modeling software based systems. Such formal descriptions, frequently called specifications, have served not only as requirements documentation and formalisation, but also for providing the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Carlos G. Lopez Pombo , Thomas S. E. Maibaum

Modern out-of-order processors face speculative execution attacks. Despite various proposed software and hardware mitigations to prevent such attacks, new attacks keep arising from unknown vulnerabilities. Thus, a formal and rigorous…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Qinhan Tan , Yuheng Yang , Thomas Bourgeat , Sharad Malik , Mengjia Yan

Autonomous systems -- such as self-driving cars, autonomous drones, and automated trains -- must come with strong safety guarantees. Over the past decade, techniques based on formal methods have enjoyed some success in providing strong…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Nathan Fulton , Nathan Hunt , Nghia Hoang , Subhro Das

Ensuring that reinforcement learning (RL) controllers satisfy safety and reliability constraints in real-world settings remains challenging: state-avoidance and constrained Markov decision processes often fail to capture trajectory-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Alper Kamil Bozkurt , Calin Belta , Ming C. Lin

Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a compelling framework for specifying complex, structured tasks for reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Recent work has shown that interpreting LTL instructions as finite automata, which can be seen as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Mattia Giuri , Mathias Jackermeier , Alessandro Abate

Recent verification tools aim to make formal verification more accessible to software engineers by automating most of the verification process. However, annotating conventional programs with the formal specification and verification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 João Pascoal Faria , Emanuel Trigo , Vinicius Honorato , Rui Abreu

LTL3 is a multi-valued variant of Linear-time Temporal Logic for runtime verification applications. The semantic descriptions of LTL3 in previous work are given only in terms of the relationship to conventional LTL. Our approach, by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Rayhana Amjad , Rob van Glabbeek , Liam O'Connor

Even if the verification of authentication protocols can be achieved by means of formal analysis, the modelling of such an activity is an error-prone task due to the lack of automated and integrated processes. This paper proposes a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Mariapia Raimondo , Stefano Marrone , Angelo Palladino

Application of formal models provides many benefits for the software and system development, however, the learning curve of formal languages could be a critical factor for an industrial project. Thus, a natural language specification that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-12-07 Phan Vo Thu Nhat , Maria Spichkova

Improvement of software development methodologies attracts developers to automatic Requirement Formalisation (RF) in the Requirement Engineering (RE) field. The potential advantages by applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Shekoufeh Kolahdouz-Rahimi , Kevin Lano , Chenghua Lin

Temporal logic is a framework for representing and reasoning about propositions that evolve over time. It is commonly used for specifying requirements in various domains, including hardware and software systems, as well as robotics.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 İlker Işık , Ebru Aydin Gol , Ramazan Gokberk Cinbis

The overall goal of this paper is to investigate the theoretical foundations of algorithmic verification techniques for first order linear logic specifications. The fragment of linear logic we consider in this paper is based on the linear…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2007-05-23 M. Bozzano , G. Delzanno , M. Martelli

Threat detection systems rely on rule-based logic to identify adversarial behaviors, yet the conformance of these rules to high-level threat models is rarely verified formally. We present a formal verification framework that models both…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Dumitru-Bogdan Prelipcean , Cătălin Dima

Traditional formal specification generation methods are typically tailored to specific specification types, and therefore suffer from limited generality. In recent years, large language model (LLM)-based specification generation approaches…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zehan Chen , Long Zhang , Zhiwei Zhang , JingJing Zhang , Ruoyu Zhou , Yulong Shen , JianFeng Ma , Lin Yang