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State-of-the-art results in large language models (LLMs) often rely on scale, which becomes computationally expensive. This has sparked a research agenda to reduce these models' parameter counts and computational costs without significantly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Xiuying Wei , Skander Moalla , Razvan Pascanu , Caglar Gulcehre

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) increasingly integrate multiple vision encoders to improve performance on various benchmarks, assuming that diverse pretraining objectives yield complementary visual signals. However, we show…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yizhou Wang , Song Mao , Yang Chen , Yufan Shen , Yinqiao Yan , Pinlong Cai , Ding Wang , Guohang Yan , Zhi Yu , Xuming Hu , Botian Shi

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) demonstrate impressive performance across diverse tasks, ranging from speech recognition to general audio understanding. However, their scalability is limited by the quadratic complexity of attention and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Saurabhchand Bhati , Samuel Thomas , Hilde Kuehne , Rogerio Feris , James Glass

While decoder-only large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive results, encoder-decoder models are still widely adopted in real-world applications for their inference efficiency and richer encoder representation. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Biao Zhang , Fedor Moiseev , Joshua Ainslie , Paul Suganthan , Min Ma , Surya Bhupatiraju , Fede Lebron , Orhan Firat , Armand Joulin , Zhe Dong

Small Language Models (SLMs) have gained substantial attention due to their ability to execute diverse language tasks successfully while using fewer computer resources. These models are particularly ideal for deployment in limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Tanjil Hasan Sakib , Md. Tanzib Hosain , Md. Kishor Morol

From extracting features to generating text, the outputs of large language models (LLMs) typically rely on the final layers, following the conventional wisdom that earlier layers capture only low-level cues. However, our analysis shows that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Oscar Skean , Md Rifat Arefin , Dan Zhao , Niket Patel , Jalal Naghiyev , Yann LeCun , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv

Transformer-based NLP models are powerful but have high computational costs that limit deployment. Finetuned encoder-decoder models are popular in specialized domains and can outperform larger more generalized decoder-only models, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Bo-Ru Lu , Nikita Haduong , Chien-Yu Lin , Hao Cheng , Noah A. Smith , Mari Ostendorf

Small Language Models (SLMs) have become increasingly important due to their efficiency and performance to perform various language tasks with minimal computational resources, making them ideal for various settings including on-device,…

Scaling LLM vocabulary is often used to reduce input sequence length and alleviate attention's quadratic cost. Yet, current LLM architectures impose a critical bottleneck to this procedure: the output projection layer scales linearly with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Amit Ben-Artzy , Roy Schwartz

This study investigates the in-context learning capabilities of various decoder-only transformer-based language models with different model sizes and training data, including GPT2, SmolLM2, OpenELM, TinyLlama, Stable LM, and Gemma 2. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Yen-Che Hsiao , Abhishek Dutta

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across many applications, with Mixture of Experts (MoE) models demonstrating great potential. Compared to traditional dense models, MoEs achieve better performance with less…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zongle Huang , Lei Zhu , Zongyuan Zhan , Ting Hu , Weikai Mao , Xianzhi Yu , Yongpan Liu , Tianyu Zhang

The rapid development of large language models (LLM) has greatly enhanced everyday applications. While many FPGA-based accelerators, with flexibility for fine-grained data control, exhibit superior speed and energy efficiency compared to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zifan He , Shengyu Ye , Rui Ma , Yang Wang , Jason Cong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success as foundational models, benefiting various downstream applications through fine-tuning. Recent studies on loss scaling have demonstrated the superior performance of larger…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Sajal Dash , Isaac Lyngaas , Junqi Yin , Xiao Wang , Romain Egele , Guojing Cong , Feiyi Wang , Prasanna Balaprakash

Context: With the waning of Moore's Law, the software industry is placing increasing importance on finding alternative solutions for continuous performance enhancement. The significance and research results of software performance…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Yue Pan , Chen Lyu , Zhenyu Yang , Lantian Li , Qi Liu , Xiuting Shao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have driven significant progress, yet their growing parameter counts and context windows incur prohibitive compute, energy, and monetary costs. We introduce EfficientLLM, a novel benchmark and the first…

The growing gap between the increasing complexity of large language models (LLMs) and the limited computational budgets of edge devices poses a key challenge for efficient on-device inference, despite gradual improvements in hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios Spatharakis , Saeid Ghafouri , Jiakun Fan , Hans Vandierendonck , Deepu John , Bo Ji , Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

Large language models (LLMs) are computationally intensive. The computation workload and the memory footprint grow quadratically with the dimension (layer width). Most of LLMs' parameters come from the linear layers of the transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Xiao-Yang Liu , Jie Zhang , Guoxuan Wang , Weiqing Tong , Anwar Walid

This paper reveals that large language models (LLMs), despite being trained solely on textual data, are surprisingly strong encoders for purely visual tasks in the absence of language. Even more intriguingly, this can be achieved by a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Ziqi Pang , Ziyang Xie , Yunze Man , Yu-Xiong Wang

Transformers deliver outstanding performance across a wide range of tasks and are now a dominant backbone architecture for large language models (LLMs). Their task-solving performance is improved by increasing parameter size, as shown in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hidetaka Kamigaito , Ying Zhang , Jingun Kwon , Katsuhiko Hayashi , Manabu Okumura , Taro Watanabe

Transformer-based language models have recently been at the forefront of active research in text generation. However, these models' advances come at the price of prohibitive training costs, with parameter counts in the billions and compute…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Gabriel Lindenmaier , Sean Papay , Sebastian Padó