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Doubly robust estimators combine an inverse probability weighting estimator and a mass imputation estimator. Several doubly robust estimators for estimating the population mean (or prevalence) of an outcome have been proposed for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-11 Shaun R Seaman , Tommy Nyberg , Anne M Presanis

A key methodological challenge in observational studies with interference between units is twofold: (1) each unit's outcome may depend on many others' treatments, and (2) treatment assignments may exhibit complex dependencies across units.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-17 Souhardya Sengupta , Kosuke Imai , Georgia Papadogeorgou

We study user sentiment (reported via optional surveys) as a metric for fully randomized A/B tests. Both user-level covariates and treatment assignment can impact response propensity. We propose a set of consistent estimators for the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-27 Ercan Yildiz , Joshua Safyan , Marc Harper

Causal inference requires evaluating models on balanced distributions between treatment and control groups, while training data often exhibits imbalance due to historical decision-making policies. Most conventional statistical methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-21 Akira Tanimoto

To take sample biases and skewness in the observations into account, practitioners frequently weight their observations according to some marginal distribution. The present paper demonstrates that such weighting can indeed improve the…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-11-05 Tobias Niebuhr , Mathias Trabs

We address measurement error bias in propensity score (PS) analysis due to covariates that are latent variables. In the setting where latent covariate $X$ is measured via multiple error-prone items $\mathbf{W}$, PS analysis using several…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-13 Trang Quynh Nguyen , Elizabeth A. Stuart

Survey sampling is concerned with the estimation of finite population parameters. In practice, survey data suffer from item nonresponse, which is commonly handled through imputation, i.e., replacing missing values with predicted values. As…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-06 Ziming An , Mehdi Dagdoug , David Haziza

High-dimensional data can be useful for causal inference by providing many confounders that may bolster the plausibility of the ignorability assumption. Propensity score methods are powerful tools for causal inference, are popular in health…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-10 Jacob Spertus , Sharon-Lise Normand

The weighted average treatment effect (WATE) is a causal measure for the comparison of interventions in a specific target population, which may be different from the population where data are sampled from. For instance, when the goal is to…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-04-17 Yebin Tao , Haoda Fu

Generalizing causal estimates in randomized experiments to a broader target population is essential for guiding decisions by policymakers and practitioners in the social and biomedical sciences. While recent papers developed various…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-03 Melody Huang , Naoki Egami , Erin Hartman , Luke Miratrix

When units in observational studies are clustered in groups, such as students in schools or patients in hospitals, researchers often address confounding by adjusting for cluster-level covariates or cluster membership. In this paper, we…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-06 Eli Ben-Michael , Avi Feller , Luke Keele

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide strong internal validity compared with observational studies. However, selection bias threatens the external validity of randomized trials. Thus, RCT results may not apply to either broad public…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-26 Ziyue Chen , Eloise Kaizar

Balancing weights have been widely applied to single or monotone missingness due to empirical advantages over likelihood-based methods and inverse probability weighting approaches. This paper considers non-monotone missing data under the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-13 Jianing Dong , Raymond K. W. Wong , Kwun Chuen Gary Chan

Propensity score methods have been shown to be powerful in obtaining efficient estimators of average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data, especially under the existence of confounding factors. When estimating, deciding which type…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-14 Kangjie Zhou , Jinzhu Jia

A platform trial with a master protocol provides an infrastructure to ethically and efficiently evaluate multiple treatment options in multiple diseases. Given that certain study drugs can enter or exit a platform trial, the randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-15 Tianyu Zhan , Jane Zhang , Lei Shu , Yihua Gu

Two-phase sampling designs are frequently employed in epidemiological studies and large-scale health surveys. In such designs, certain variables are exclusively collected within a second-phase random subsample of the initial first-phase…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-25 Lingxiao Wang

Functional data analysis, which handles data arising from curves, surfaces, volumes, manifolds and beyond in a variety of scientific fields, is a rapidly developing area in modern statistics and data science in the recent decades. The…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-21 Xiaoke Zhang , Wu Xue , Qiyue Wang

This pedagogical review examines the use of machine learning methods in finite-population inference for survey sampling, with an emphasis on design-based validity and statistical inference. While flexible prediction tools offer substantial…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Mehdi Dagdoug , David Haziza

This paper focuses on the Bayesian Network Propensity Score (BNPS), a novel approach for estimating treatment effects in observational studies characterized by unknown (and likely unbalanced) designs and complex dependency structures among…

A key challenge in estimating causal effects from observational data is handling confounding and is commonly achieved through weighting methods that balance distribution of covariates between treatment and control groups. Weighting…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-23 Simion De , Jared D. Huling