Related papers: Degree of freedom count in linear gauge invariant …
We present a clear, step-by-step method for counting degrees of freedom and identifying constraints in general field theories. This approach, grounded in the works of Einstein, Hilbert, Cartan, Kuranishi, and, more recently, Seiler, is…
We study the number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) in quadratic scalar-nonmetricity (QSN) theory, whose Lagrangian is the linear combination of five quadratic nonmetricity invariants with coefficients depending on a dynamical scalar field.…
Open effective field theories provide a systematic framework for describing physical systems interacting with an environment whose microscopic details are unknown, unobservable, or uncalculable. A basic step in constructing any effective…
It has recently been shown that $f(T)$ gravity has $\frac{n(n-3)}{2}+1$ physical degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) in $n$ dimensions, contrary to previous claims. The simplest physical interpretation of this fact is that the theory possesses a…
We consider the question of counting the degrees of freedom in theoretical models, with an emphasis on theories of fields and gravity. Among the possible approaches, the Hamiltonian formulation remains one of the most systematic and robust…
We present a Lagrangian approach to counting degrees of freedom in first-order field theories. The emphasis is on the systematic attainment of a complete set of constraints. In particular, we provide the first comprehensive procedure to…
In this paper we present a Lagrangian method that allows the physical degree of freedom count for any Lagrangian system without having to perform neither Dirac nor covariant canonical analyses. The essence of our method is to establish a…
We develop a method for evaluation of A. Einstein's strength of systems of partial differential and difference equations based on the computation of Hilbert-type dimension polynomials of the associated differential and difference field…
Using Euler's formula for a network of polygons for 2D case (or polyhedra for 3D case), we show that the number of dynamic\textit{\}degrees of freedom of the electric field equals the number of dynamic degrees of freedom of the magnetic…
For physical theories, the degree of arbitrariness of a system is of great importance, and is often closely linked to the concept of degree of freedom, and for most systems this number is far from obvious. In this paper we present an easy…
The Hamiltonian analysis for $f(T)$ gravity implies the existence of at least one scalar-type degree of freedom (DoF). However, this scalar DoF of $f(T)$ gravity does not manifest in linear perturbations around a cosmological background,…
The quest for a formula that satisfactorily measures the effective degrees of freedom in kernel density estimation (KDE) is a long standing problem with few solutions. Starting from the orthogonal polynomial sequence (OPS) expansion for the…
Quantifying the complexity of feed-forward neural networks (FFNNs) remains challenging due to their nonlinear, hierarchical structure and numerous parameters. We apply generalized degrees of freedom (GDF) to measure model complexity in…
Two types of mimetic gravity models with higher derivatives of the mimetic field are analyzed in the Hamiltonian formalism. For the first type of mimetic gravity, the Ricci scalar only couples to the mimetic field and we demonstrate the…
To circumvent some technical difficulties faced by the geometric Lagrangian approach to the physical degree of freedom count presented in the work of Diaz, Higuita, and Montesinos, J. Math. Phys. 55, 122901 (2014) that prevent its direct…
Unrolled neural networks emerged recently as an effective model for learning inverse maps appearing in image restoration tasks. However, their generalization risk (i.e., test mean-squared-error) and its link to network design and train…
Most existing theories of dark energy and/or modified gravity, involving a scalar degree of freedom, can be conveniently described within the framework of the Effective Theory of Dark Energy, based on the unitary gauge where the scalar…
We present the Hamiltonian formalism for $f(T)$ gravity, and prove that the theory has $\frac{n(n-3)}{2}+1$ degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) in $n$ dimensions. We start from a scalar-tensor action for the theory, which represents a scalar field…
This work proposes PH-based metrics for benchmarking impedance control. A causality-consistent PH model is introduced for mass-spring-damper impedance in Cartesian space. Based on this model, a differentiable, force-torque…
Model-free reinforcement learning attempts to find an optimal control action for an unknown dynamical system by directly searching over the parameter space of controllers. The convergence behavior and statistical properties of these…