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To address the large amount of energy wasted by blockchains, we propose a decentralized consensus protocol for blockchains in which the computation can be used to search for good approximate solutions to any optimization problem. Our…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Naoki Shibata

Today's blockchains suffer from low throughput and high latency, which impedes their widespread adoption of more complex applications like smart contracts. In this paper, we propose a novel paradigm for smart contract execution. It…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Jian Liu , Peilun Li , Raymond~Cheng , N. Asokan , Dawn Song

Increased interest in scalable and high-throughput blockchains has led to an explosion in the number of committee selection methods in the literature. Committee selection mechanisms allow consensus protocols to safely select a committee, or…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Tarun Chitra , Uthsav Chitra

Safety and liveness are the two classical security properties of consensus protocols. Recent works have strengthened safety with accountability: should any safety violation occur, a sizable fraction of adversary nodes can be proven to be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Andrew Lewis-Pye , Joachim Neu , Tim Roughgarden , Luca Zanolini

Time awareness is critical to a broad range of emerging applications -- in Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet of Things -- running on commodity platforms and operating systems. Traditionally, time is synchronized across devices through a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-02-06 Amr Alanwar , Fatima M. Anwar , Joao P Hespanha , Mani Srivastava

Blockchain is a decentralised, immutable ledger technology that has been widely adopted in many sectors for various applications such as cryptocurrencies, smart contracts and supply chain management. Distributed consensus is a fundamental…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Siamak Abdi , Giuseppe Di Fatta , Atta Badii , Giancarlo Fortino

Blockchains are distributed secure ledgers to which transactions are issued continuously and each block of transactions is tightly coupled to its predecessors. Permissioned blockchains place special emphasis on transactions throughput. In…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Yehonatan Buchnik , Roy Friedman

Though voting-based consensus algorithms in Blockchain outperform proof-based ones in energy- and transaction-efficiency, they are prone to incur wrong elections and bribery elections. The former originates from the uncertainties of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Shengling Wang , Xidi Qu , Qin Hu , Weifeng Lv

In Tendermint blockchains, the proof-of-stake mechanism and the underlying consensus algorithm entail a dynamic fault model that implies that the active validators (nodes that sign blocks) may change over time, and a quorum of these…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Sean Braithwaite , Ethan Buchman , Ismail Khoffi , Igor Konnov , Zarko Milosevic , Romain Ruetschi , Josef Widder

Proof-of-stake blockchains require consensus protocols that support Dynamic Availability and Reconfiguration (so-called DAR setting), where the former means that the consensus protocol should remain live even if a large number of nodes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Joachim Neu , Javier Nieto , Ling Ren

Since the inception of Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies and the underlying blockchain technology have attracted an increasing interest from both academia and industry. Among various core components, consensus protocol is the defining technology…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Yang Xiao , Ning Zhang , Wenjing Lou , Y. Thomas Hou

Existing blockchain networks are often large-scale, requiring transactions to be synchronized across the entire network to reach consensus. On-chain computations can be prohibitively expensive, making many CPU-intensive computations…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Yu Zhang , Xiao Yan , Gang Tang , Helena Wang

This technical report describes the implementation of Toychain: a simple, lightweight blockchain implemented in Python, designed for ease of deployment and practicality in robotics research. It can be integrated with various software and…

The proof-of-work consensus protocol suffers from two main limitations: waste of energy and offering only probabilistic guarantees about the status of the blockchain. This paper introduces SklCoin, a new Byzantine consensus protocol and its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Zakwan Jaroucheh , Baraq Ghaleb , William J Buchanan

Consensus mechanism is the core technology for blockchain to ensure that transactions are executed in sequence. It also determines the decentralization, security, and efficiency of blockchain. Existing mechanisms all have certain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Chenxi Xiong , Ting Yang , Yu Wang , Bing Dong

The spectacular success of Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology in recent years has provided enough evidence that a widespread adoption of a common cryptocurrency system is not merely a distant vision, but a scenario that might come true in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Adam Gągol , Damian Leśniak , Damian Straszak , Michał Świętek

Modern blockchains increasingly consist of multiple clients that implement a single blockchain protocol. If there is a semantic mismatch between the protocol implementations, the blockchain can permanently split and introduce new attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Filip Drobnjakovic , Amir Kashapov , Matija Kupresanin , Bernhard Scholz , Pavle Subotic

Distributed ledgers are common in the industry. Some of them can use blockchains as their underlying infrastructure. A blockchain requires participants to agree on its contents. This can be achieved via a consensus protocol, and several BFT…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-11-13 J. D. Chan , Y. C. Tay , Brian R. Z. Yen

In the light of the recent fame of Blockchain technologies, numerous proposals and projects aiming at better practical viability have emerged. However, formally assessing their particularities and benefits has proven to be a difficult task.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Antoine Durand , Elyes Ben-Hamida , David Leporini , Gérard Memmi

Fault-tolerant distributed systems move the trust in a single party to a majority of parties participating in the protocol. This makes blockchain based crypto-currencies possible: they allow parties to agree on a total order of transactions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Søren Eller Thomsen , Bas Spitters