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The diffusion learning method, DiffDock, for docking small-molecule ligands into protein binding sites was recently introduced. Results included comparisons to more conventional docking approaches, with DiffDock showing superior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Ajay N. Jain , Ann E. Cleves , W. Patrick Walters

Deep generative diffusion models are a promising avenue for 3D de novo molecular design in materials science and drug discovery. However, their utility is still limited by suboptimal performance on large molecular structures and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Tuan Le , Julian Cremer , Frank Noé , Djork-Arné Clevert , Kristof Schütt

We study a fundamental problem in structure-based drug design -- generating molecules that bind to specific protein binding sites. While we have witnessed the great success of deep generative models in drug design, the existing methods are…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-15 Shitong Luo , Jiaqi Guan , Jianzhu Ma , Jian Peng

Designing novel protein sequences for a desired 3D topological fold is a fundamental yet non-trivial task in protein engineering. Challenges exist due to the complex sequence--fold relationship, as well as the difficulties to capture the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Yue Cao , Payel Das , Vijil Chenthamarakshan , Pin-Yu Chen , Igor Melnyk , Yang Shen

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) aims to discover drug candidates by finding molecules (ligands) that bind tightly to a disease-related protein (targets), which is the primary approach to computer-aided drug discovery. Recently, applying…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-12-01 Tianfan Fu , Wenhao Gao , Connor W. Coley , Jimeng Sun

Structure-based drug design (SBDD), aiming to generate 3D molecules with high binding affinity toward target proteins, is a vital approach in novel drug discovery. Although recent generative models have shown great potential, they suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jingyuan Zhou , Hao Qian , Shikui Tu , Lei Xu

Synthesizability remains a critical bottleneck in generative molecular design. While recent advances have addressed synthesizability in 2D graphs, extending these constraints to 3D for geometry-based conditional generation remains largely…

Generative models, especially diffusion models (DMs), have achieved promising results for generating feature-rich geometries and advancing foundational science problems such as molecule design. Inspired by the recent huge success of Stable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Minkai Xu , Alexander Powers , Ron Dror , Stefano Ermon , Jure Leskovec

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) faces a fundamental scaling fidelity dilemma: rich pocket-aware conditioning captures interaction geometry but can be costly, often scales quadratically ($O(L^2)$) or worse with protein length ($L$), while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Samyak Sanghvi , Nishant Ranjan , Tarak Karmakar

Proteins perform their biological functions through three-dimensional structures encoded by amino acid sequences, and ligand-binding protein co-design requires models that generate sequence-structure compatible proteins under explicit…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-28 Chen Wei , Fanding Xu , Minghao Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Lin Wang , Tianrui Jia , Yihang Zhou , Yang Zhang

Diffusion models have achieved promising results for Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD). Nevertheless, high-quality protein subpocket and ligand data are relatively scarce, which hinders the models' generation capabilities. Recently, Direct…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-11 Xiwei Cheng , Xiangxin Zhou , Yuwei Yang , Yu Bao , Quanquan Gu

The computational design of novel protein structures has the potential to impact numerous scientific disciplines greatly. Toward this goal, we introduce FoldFlow, a series of novel generative models of increasing modeling power based on the…

Currently, the field of structure-based drug design is dominated by three main types of algorithms: search-based algorithms, deep generative models, and reinforcement learning. While existing works have typically focused on comparing models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Kangyu Zheng , Yingzhou Lu , Zaixi Zhang , Zhongwei Wan , Yao Ma , Marinka Zitnik , Tianfan Fu

Generating novel active molecules for a given protein is an extremely challenging task for generative models that requires an understanding of the complex physical interactions between the molecule and its environment. In this paper, we…

Advances in deep generative models shed light on de novo molecule generation with desired properties. However, molecule generation targeted for dual protein targets still faces formidable challenges including protein 3D structure data…

Structure-based drug design involves finding ligand molecules that exhibit structural and chemical complementarity to protein pockets. Deep generative methods have shown promise in proposing novel molecules from scratch (de-novo design),…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-11-09 Pavol Drotár , Arian Rokkum Jamasb , Ben Day , Cătălina Cangea , Pietro Liò

Searching the vast chemical space for drug-like molecules that bind with a protein pocket is a challenging task in drug discovery. Recently, structure-based generative models have been introduced which promise to be more efficient by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Tony Shen , Seonghwan Seo , Grayson Lee , Mohit Pandey , Jason R Smith , Artem Cherkasov , Woo Youn Kim , Martin Ester

Shape-based virtual screening is widely employed in ligand-based drug design to search chemical libraries for molecules with similar 3D shapes yet novel 2D chemical structures compared to known ligands. 3D deep generative models have the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Keir Adams , Connor W. Coley

Three-dimensional generative models increasingly drive structure-based drug discovery, yet it remains constrained by the scarce publicly available protein-ligand complexes. Under such data scarcity, almost all existing pipelines struggle to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Dong Xu , Zhangfan Yang , Jenna Xinyi Yao , Shuangbao Song , Zexuan Zhu , Junkai Ji

In recent years, deep learning techniques have made significant strides in molecular generation for specific targets, driving advancements in drug discovery. However, existing molecular generation methods present significant limitations:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Taojie Kuang , Qianli Ma , Athanasios V. Vasilakos , Yu Wang , Qiang , Cheng , Zhixiang Ren