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Accurate document retrieval is crucial for the success of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) applications, including open-domain question answering and code completion. While large language models (LLMs) have been employed as dense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Tong Niu , Shafiq Joty , Ye Liu , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being used more and more extensively for automated evaluation in various scenarios. Previous studies have attempted to fine-tune open-source LLMs to replicate the evaluation explanations and judgments of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Kaishuai Xu , Tiezheng Yu , Wenjun Hou , Yi Cheng , Liangyou Li , Xin Jiang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Wenjie Li

Prompting large language models (LLMs) to evaluate generated text, known as LLM-as-a-judge, has become a standard evaluation approach in natural language generation (NLG), but is primarily used as a quantitative tool, i.e. with numerical…

Assessing Large Language Models'(LLMs) underlying value differences enables comprehensive comparison of their misalignment, cultural adaptability, and biases. Nevertheless, current value measurement methods face the informativeness…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jing Yao , Shitong Duan , Xiaoyuan Yi , Dongkuan Xu , Peng Zhang , Tun Lu , Ning Gu , Zhicheng Dou , Xing Xie

General large language models enhanced with supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning from human feedback are increasingly popular in academia and industry as they generalize foundation models to various practical tasks in a prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Shiguo Lian , Kaikai Zhao , Xinhui Liu , Xuejiao Lei , Bikun Yang , Wenjing Zhang , Kai Wang , Zhaoxiang Liu

Despite Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrating superior translation performance and long-context capabilities, evaluation methodologies remain constrained to sentence-level assessment due to dataset limitations, token number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Kuang-Da Wang , Shuoyang Ding , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Ping-Chun Hsieh , Wen-Chih Peng , Vitaly Lavrukhin , Boris Ginsburg

Worked examples are step-by-step solutions to problems in a specific domain, offered to students to acquire domain-specific problem-solving skills. The effectiveness of worked examples could be enhanced by combining them with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Arun-Balajiee Lekshmi-Narayanan , Mohammad Hassany , Peter Brusilovsky

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been reported to outperform existing automatic evaluation metrics in some tasks, such as text summarization and machine translation. However, there has been a lack of research on LLMs as evaluators in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Masamune Kobayashi , Masato Mita , Mamoru Komachi

The impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) has attracted considerable attention from the academic and industrial communities. Besides how to construct and train LLMs, how to effectively evaluate and compare the capacity of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhumin Chu , Qingyao Ai , Yiteng Tu , Haitao Li , Yiqun Liu

The leaderboard of Large Language Models (LLMs) in mathematical tasks has been continuously updated. However, the majority of evaluations focus solely on the final results, neglecting the quality of the intermediate steps. This oversight…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Shijie Xia , Xuefeng Li , Yixin Liu , Tongshuang Wu , Pengfei Liu

Autoformalization plays a crucial role in formal mathematical reasoning by enabling the automatic translation of natural language statements into formal languages. While recent advances using large language models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Lan Zhang , Marco Valentino , Andre Freitas

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is widely used to improve reasoning in large language models, but rewards only final-answer correctness with no supervision over intermediate steps. Rubric-based methods such as Rubrics…

Work on instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) has used automatic methods based on text overlap and LLM judgments as cost-effective alternatives to human evaluation. In this paper, we perform a meta-evaluation of such methods and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Ehsan Doostmohammadi , Oskar Holmström , Marco Kuhlmann

LLM-based judges have emerged as a scalable alternative to human evaluation and are increasingly used to assess, compare, and improve models. However, the reliability of LLM-based judges themselves is rarely scrutinized. As LLMs become more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Sijun Tan , Siyuan Zhuang , Kyle Montgomery , William Y. Tang , Alejandro Cuadron , Chenguang Wang , Raluca Ada Popa , Ion Stoica

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving fast and are now frequently used as evaluators, in a process typically referred to as LLM-as-a-Judge, which provides quality assessments of model outputs. However, recent research points out…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hugo Silva , Mateus Mendes , Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), significantly enhancing their reasoning abilities in domains such as mathematics and code generation. A crucial factor influencing RL fine-tuning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Xiaoyin Chen , Jiarui Lu , Minsu Kim , Dinghuai Zhang , Jian Tang , Alexandre Piché , Nicolas Gontier , Yoshua Bengio , Ehsan Kamalloo

Recently, the evaluation of Large Language Models has emerged as a popular area of research. The three crucial questions for LLM evaluation are ``what, where, and how to evaluate''. However, the existing research mainly focuses on the first…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Yue Zhang , Ming Zhang , Haipeng Yuan , Shichun Liu , Yongyao Shi , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Rubric-based rewards offer a promising way to extend reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models beyond tasks with automatically verifiable answers. However, scaling rubric-based RL remains challenging: existing approaches often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaoyuan Li , Keqin Bao , Moxin Li , Yubo Ma , Yichang Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Dayiheng Liu

While small language models (SLMs) have shown promise on various reasoning tasks, their ability to judge the correctness of answers remains unclear compared to large language models (LLMs). Prior work on LLM-as-a-judge frameworks typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Zhenyu Bi , Gaurav Srivastava , Yang Li , Meng Lu , Swastik Roy , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

Automated short-answer grading (ASAG) remains a challenging task due to the linguistic variability of student responses and the need for nuanced, rubric-aligned partial credit. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Haotian Deng , Chris Farber , Jiyoon Lee , David Tang
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