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Protecting the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly critical due to the high cost of training. Model merging, which integrates multiple expert models into a single multi-task model, introduces a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Shojiro Yamabe , Futa Waseda , Tsubasa Takahashi , Koki Wataoka

Model fingerprinting has emerged as a promising paradigm for claiming model ownership. However, robustness evaluations of these schemes have mostly focused on benign perturbations such as incremental fine-tuning, model merging, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Anshul Nasery , Edoardo Contente , Alkin Kaz , Pramod Viswanath , Sewoong Oh

Federated learning (FL), an effective distributed machine learning framework, implements model training and meanwhile protects local data privacy. It has been applied to a broad variety of practice areas due to its great performance and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Jinyin Chen , Mingjun Li , Mingjun Li , Haibin Zheng

Detecting the source model of AI-generated images is a growing accountability problem. AI fingerprinting techniques address this by detecting imperceptible patterns in the images that are unique to each model, achieving high detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Kai Yao , Marc Juarez

Machine learning (ML) models are costly to train as they can require a significant amount of data, computational resources and technical expertise. Thus, they constitute valuable intellectual property that needs protection from adversaries…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Sebastian Szyller , Rui Zhang , Jian Liu , N. Asokan

Currently, deep learning models are easily exposed to data leakage risks. As a distributed model, Split Learning thus emerged as a solution to address this issue. The model is splitted to avoid data uploading to the server and reduce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Zhangting Lin , Mingfu Xue , Kewei Chen , Wenmao Liu , Xiang Gao , Leo Yu Zhang , Jian Wang , Yushu Zhang

Transfer learning has become a common solution to address training data scarcity in practice. It trains a specified student model by reusing or fine-tuning early layers of a well-trained teacher model that is usually publicly available.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Yufei Chen , Chao Shen , Cong Wang , Yang Zhang

Model fingerprint detection has shown promise to trace the provenance of AI-generated images in forensic applications. However, despite the inherent adversarial nature of these applications, existing evaluations rarely consider adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Kai Yao , Marc Juarez

With the widespread adoption of edge computing technologies and the increasing prevalence of deep learning models in these environments, the security risks and privacy threats to models and data have grown more acute. Attackers can exploit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Peihao Li

Recent advances in the fingerprinting of deep neural networks detect instances of models, placed in a black-box interaction scheme. Inputs used by the fingerprinting protocols are specifically crafted for each precise model to be checked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Thibault Maho , Teddy Furon , Erwan Le Merrer

Recent advances confirm that large language models (LLMs) can achieve state-of-the-art performance across various tasks. However, due to the resource-intensive nature of training LLMs from scratch, it is urgent and crucial to protect the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Zhiguang Yang , Hanzhou Wu

Growing concerns over the theft and misuse of Large Language Models (LLMs) have heightened the need for effective fingerprinting, which links a model to its original version to detect misuse. In this paper, we define five key properties for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Mark Russinovich , Ahmed Salem

Face recognition has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, thanks to the development of deep learning techniques.However, an off-the-shelf face recognition model as a commercial service could be stolen by model stealing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Jiyang Guan , Jian Liang , Yanbo Wang , Ran He

The protection of Intellectual Property (IP) in Large Language Models (LLMs) represents a critical challenge in contemporary AI research. While fingerprinting techniques have emerged as a fundamental mechanism for detecting unauthorized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Hanxiu Zhang , Yue Zheng

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which dramatically alter model output using small input changes. We propose Neural Fingerprinting, a simple, yet effective method to detect adversarial examples by verifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Sumanth Dathathri , Stephan Zheng , Tianwei Yin , Richard M. Murray , Yisong Yue

Photorealistic image generation has reached a new level of quality due to the breakthroughs of generative adversarial networks (GANs). Yet, the dark side of such deepfakes, the malicious use of generated media, raises concerns about visual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Ning Yu , Vladislav Skripniuk , Sahar Abdelnabi , Mario Fritz

The exceptional performance of diffusion models establishes them as high-value intellectual property but exposes them to unauthorized replication. Existing protection methods either modify the model to embed watermarks, which impairs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Lingxiao Chen , Liqin Wang , Wei Lu , Xiangyang Luo

Deploying Machine Learning as a Service gives rise to model plagiarism, leading to copyright infringement. Ownership testing techniques are designed to identify model fingerprints for verifying plagiarism. However, previous works often rely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Aoting Hu , Zhigang Lu , Renjie Xie , Minhui Xue

Given the high cost of large language model (LLM) training from scratch, safeguarding LLM intellectual property (IP) has become increasingly crucial. As the standard paradigm for IP ownership verification, LLM fingerprinting thus plays a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zixun Xiong , Gaoyi Wu , Qingyang Yu , Mingyu Derek Ma , Lingfeng Yao , Miao Pan , Xiaojiang Du , Hao Wang

As large language models are increasingly deployed in sensitive environments, fingerprinting attacks pose significant privacy and security risks. We present a study of LLM fingerprinting from both offensive and defensive perspectives. Our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Kevin Kurian , Ethan Holland , Sean Oesch
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