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A significant challenge in automating hate speech detection on social media is distinguishing hate speech from regular and offensive language. These identify an essential category of content that web filters seek to remove. Only automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Faria Naznin , Md Touhidur Rahman , Shahran Rahman Alve

Automatic identification of hateful and abusive content is vital in combating the spread of harmful online content and its damaging effects. Most existing works evaluate models by examining the generalization error on train-test splits on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Lanqin Yuan , Marian-Andrei Rizoiu

Hate Speech takes many forms to target communities with derogatory comments, and takes humanity a step back in societal progress. HateXplain is a recently published and first dataset to use annotated spans in the form of rationales, along…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Arvind Subramaniam , Aryan Mehra , Sayani Kundu

Detecting offensive language is a challenging task. Generalizing across different cultures and languages becomes even more challenging: besides lexical, syntactic and semantic differences, pragmatic aspects such as cultural norms and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Li Zhou , Laura Cabello , Yong Cao , Daniel Hershcovich

Hate, derogatory, and offensive speech remains a persistent challenge in online platforms and public discourse. While automated detection systems are widely used, most focus on censorship or removal, raising concerns for transparency and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jason Liartis , Eirini Kaldeli , Lambrini Gyftokosta , Eleftherios Chelioudakis , Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis

Despite the widespread adoption, there is a lack of research into how various critical aspects of pretrained language models (PLMs) affect their performance in hate speech detection. Through five research questions, our findings and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Sarah Masud , Mohammad Aflah Khan , Vikram Goyal , Md Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Automatic hate speech detection using deep neural models is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasets, leading to poor generalization. To mitigate this problem, generative AI has been utilized to generate large amounts of synthetic hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Sagi Pendzel , Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

Augmenting toxic language data in a controllable and class-specific manner is crucial for improving robustness in toxicity classification, yet remains challenging due to limited supervision and distributional skew. We propose ToxiGAN, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Peiran Li , Jan Fillies , Adrian Paschke

The proliferation of multimodal content on social media presents significant challenges in understanding and moderating complex, context-dependent issues such as misinformation, hate speech, and propaganda. While efforts have been made to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Abul Hasnat , Md Arid Hasan , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Firoj Alam

Recently efforts have been made by social media platforms as well as researchers to detect hateful or toxic language using large language models. However, none of these works aim to use explanation, additional context and victim community…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Sarthak Roy , Ashish Harshavardhan , Animesh Mukherjee , Punyajoy Saha

The ubiquity of offensive and hateful content on online fora necessitates the need for automatic solutions that detect such content competently across target groups. In this paper we show that text classification models trained on large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Darsh J Shah , Sinong Wang , Han Fang , Hao Ma , Luke Zettlemoyer

The rise of social networks has not only facilitated communication but also allowed the spread of harmful content. Although significant advances have been made in detecting toxic language in textual data, the exploration of concept-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Samarth Garg , Divya Singh , Deeksha Varshney , Mamta

Hate speech detection has been extensively studied, yet existing methods often overlook a real-world complexity: training labels are biased, and interpretations of what is considered hate vary across individuals with different cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Weibin Cai , Reza Zafarani

With the ever-growing presence of social media platforms comes the increased spread of harmful content and the need for robust hate speech detection systems. Such systems easily overfit to specific targets and keywords, and evaluating them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Maike Züfle , Verna Dankers , Ivan Titov

With the spreading of hate speech on social media in recent years, automatic detection of hate speech is becoming a crucial task and has attracted attention from various communities. This task aims to recognize online posts (e.g., tweets)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Jiaxuan Li , Yue Ning

Hate speech causes widespread and deep-seated societal issues. Proper enforcement of hate speech laws is key for protecting groups of people against harmful and discriminatory language. However, determining what constitutes hate speech is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Chu Fei Luo , Rohan Bhambhoria , Xiaodan Zhu , Samuel Dahan

Online platforms struggle to curb hate speech without over-censoring legitimate discourse. Early bidirectional transformer encoders made big strides, but the arrival of ultra-large autoregressive LLMs promises deeper context-awareness.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ariadna Mon , Saúl Fenollosa , Jon Lecumberri

Automatic hate speech detection is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasetd, leading to poor generalization. We employ pretrained language models (LMs) to alleviate this data bottleneck. We utilize the GPT LM for generating large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

Most research on hate speech detection has focused on English where a sizeable amount of labeled training data is available. However, to expand hate speech detection into more languages, approaches that require minimal training data are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Janis Goldzycher , Moritz Preisig , Chantal Amrhein , Gerold Schneider

Hate speech relies heavily on cultural influences, leading to varying individual interpretations. For that reason, we propose a Semantic Componential Analysis (SCA) framework for a cross-cultural and cross-domain analysis of hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Katerina Korre , Arianna Muti , Federico Ruggeri , Alberto Barrón-Cedeño