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[Context] Technical debt (TD) in machine learning (ML) systems, much like its counterpart in software engineering (SE), holds the potential to lead to future rework, posing risks to productivity, quality, and team morale. Despite growing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Rodrigo Ximenes , Antonio Pedro Santos Alves , Tatiana Escovedo , Rodrigo Spinola , Marcos Kalinowski

Context. Technical Debt (TD), defined as software constructs that are beneficial in the short term but may hinder future change, is a frequently used term in software development practice. Nevertheless, practitioners do not always fully…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Marion Wiese , Angelina Heinrichs , Nino Rusieshvili , Rodrigo Rebouças de Almeida , Klara Borowa

This paper identifies a model of software evolution that is prevalent in large, long-lived academic research tool suites (3L-ARTS). This model results in an "archipelago" of related but haphazardly organized architectural "islands", and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Marcelo Schmitt Laser , Duc Minh Le , Joshua Garcia , Nenad Medvidović

Technical debt, specifically Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD), remains a significant challenge for software developers and managers due to its potential to adversely affect long-term software maintainability. Although various approaches…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Yikun Li , Mohamed Soliman , Paris Avgeriou , Maarten van Ittersum

Managing technical debt (TD) is essential for maintaining long-term software projects. Nonetheless, the time and cost involved in technical debt management (TDM) are often high, which may lead practitioners to omit TDM tasks. The adoption…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-06 João Paulo Biazotto , Daniel Feitosa , Paris Avgeriou , Elisa Yumi Nakagawa

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD), cases where developers intentionally acknowledge suboptimal solutions in code through comments, poses a significant challenge to software maintainability. Left unresolved, SATD can degrade code quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Mohammad Sadegh Sheikhaei , Yuan Tian , Shaowei Wang , Bowen Xu

Maintaining software is an ongoing process that stretches beyond the initial release. Stable software versions continuously evolve to fix bugs, add improvements, address security issues, and ensure compatibility. This ongoing support…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Jarin Tasnim , Debasish Chakroborti , Chanchal K. Roy , Kevin A. Schneider

Multi-task learning is a paradigm that leverages information from related tasks to improve the performance of machine learning. Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) are comments in the code that indicate not-quite-right code introduced for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Barbara Russo , Jorge Melegati , Moritz Mock

Generative AI is accelerating software development, but may quietly shift where the most significant risks lie. As AI generates code faster than teams can understand it, two under appreciated forms of debt accumulate: cognitive debt, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Margaret-Anne Storey

Keeping track of and managing Self-Admitted Technical Debts (SATDs) is important for maintaining a healthy software project. Current active-learning SATD recognition tool involves manual inspection of 24% of the test comments on average to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Huy Tu , Tim Menzies

Automated Static Analysis Tools (ASATs) are part of software development best practices. ASATs are able to warn developers about potential problems in the code. On the one hand, ASATs are based on best practices so there should be a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Alexander Trautsch , Steffen Herbold , Jens Grabowski

Background: The "Technical Debt Dataset" (TDD) is a comprehensive dataset on technical debt (TD) in the main branches of more than 30 Java projects. However, some TD items produced by SonarQube are not included for many commits, for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Lorenz Graf-Vlachy , Stefan Wagner

Context: Technical Debt (TD) discusses the negative impact of sub-optimal decisions to cope with the need-for-speed in software development. Code Technical Debt Items (TDI) are atomic elements of TD that can be observed in code artefacts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Ehsan Zabardast , Kwabena Ebo Bennin , Javier Gonzalez-Huerta

Quantum computing is a rapidly growing field attracting the interest of both researchers and software developers. Supported by its numerous open-source tools, developers can now build, test, or run their quantum algorithms. Although the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Moses Openja , Mohammad Mehdi Morovati , Le An , Foutse Khomh , Mouna Abidi

Modern software systems have transitioned from purely code-based architectures to AI-integrated systems where pre-trained models (PTMs) serve as permanent dependencies. However, while the evolution of traditional software libraries is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Peerachai Banyongrakkul , Mansooreh Zahedi , Christoph Treude , Haoyu Gao , Patanamon Thongtanunam

In software engineering, technical debt, signifying the compromise between short-term expediency and long-term maintainability, is being addressed by researchers through various machine learning approaches. This study seeks to provide a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Eric L. Melin , Nasir U. Eisty

Context: Technical Debt is a metaphor used to describe code that is "not quite right." Although TD studies have gained momentum, TD has yet to be studied as thoroughly in non-Object-Oriented (OO) or scientific software such as R. R is a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Zadia Codabux , Melina Vidoni , Fatemeh H. Fard

Data-intensive systems handle variable, high volume, and high-velocity data generated by human and digital devices. Like traditional software, data-intensive systems are prone to technical debts introduced to cope-up with the pressure of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Biruk Asmare Muse , Kawser Wazed Nafi , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antoniol

In this paper, we investigate the effect of TDD, as compared to a non-TDD approach, as well as its retainment (or retention) over a time span of (about) six months. To pursue these objectives, we conducted a (quantitative) longitudinal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Maria Teresa Baldassarre , Danilo Caivano , Davide Fucci , Natalia Juristo , Simone Romano , Giuseppe Scanniello , BurakTurhan

Balancing the management of technical debt within recommender systems requires effectively juggling the introduction of new features with the ongoing maintenance and enhancement of the current system. Within the realm of recommender…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Sergio Moreschini , Ludovik Coba , Valentina Lenarduzzi