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In spite of the high accuracy of the existing optical mark reading (OMR) systems and devices, a few restrictions remain existent. In this work, we aim to reduce the restrictions of multiple choice questions (MCQ) within tests. We use an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Mahmoud Afifi , Khaled F. Hussain

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated on multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) tasks using *first-token probability* (FTP), which selects the answer option whose initial token has the highest likelihood. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Silvia Cappelletti , Tobia Poppi , Samuele Poppi , Zheng-Xin Yong , Diego Garcia-Olano , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly pervasive, finding applications across many industries and disciplines. Ensuring the trustworthiness of LLM outputs is paramount, where Uncertainty Estimation (UE) plays a key role. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Kevin Wang , Subre Abdoul Moktar , Jia Li , Kangshuo Li , Feng Chen

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a sequential decision-making tool widely used for optimizing expensive black-box functions. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable adaptability in low-data regimes, making them promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Chih-Yu Chang , Milad Azvar , Chinedum Okwudire , Raed Al Kontar

The evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) on mathematical reasoning has largely focused on elementary problems, competition-style questions, or formal theorem proving, leaving graduate-level and computational mathematics relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Bianca Raimondi , Francesco Pivi , Davide Evangelista , Maurizio Gabbrielli

Open Information Extraction (OIE) task aims at extracting structured facts from unstructured text, typically in the form of (subject, relation, object) triples. Despite the potential of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT as a general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Chen Ling , Xujiang Zhao , Xuchao Zhang , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Haoyu Wang , Zhengzhang Chen , Takao Osaki , Katsushi Matsuda , Haifeng Chen , Liang Zhao

Machine learning (ML) classifiers serve as essential tools facilitating classification and prediction across various domains. The performance of these algorithms should be known to ensure their reliable application. In certain fields,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-29 Zahra Rastin , Dirk Söffker

The main feature of large-scale multi-objective optimization problems (LSMOP) is to optimize multiple conflicting objectives while considering thousands of decision variables at the same time. An efficient LSMOP algorithm should have the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Haokai Hong , Kai Ye , Min Jiang , Donglin Cao , Kay Chen Tan

Existing open-source multimodal large language models (MLLMs) generally follow a training process involving pre-training and supervised fine-tuning. However, these models suffer from distribution shifts, which limit their multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Weiyun Wang , Zhe Chen , Wenhai Wang , Yue Cao , Yangzhou Liu , Zhangwei Gao , Jinguo Zhu , Xizhou Zhu , Lewei Lu , Yu Qiao , Jifeng Dai

Language models (LMs) are known to be prone to response biases, which present as option preference biases in fixed-response questions. It is therefore imperative to develop low-cost and effective response bias correction methods to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Om Bhatt , Anna A. Ivanova

The value of multiple choice questions (MCQs) in seeking large-scale, high-stakes, educational assessment is widely established. Students' responses to test items with a multiple-choice question format enable assess the extent of students'…

Physics Education · Physics 2019-06-20 P. K. Joshi , Y. Jain , R. Khunyakari , S. Basu

Information retrieval (IR) systems play a critical role in navigating information overload across various applications. Existing IR benchmarks primarily focus on simple queries that are semantically analogous to single- and multi-hop…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ganlin Xu , Zhitao Yin , Linghao Zhang , Jiaqing Liang , Weijia Lu , Xiaodong Zhang , Zhifei Yang , Sihang Jiang , Deqing Yang

Existing Large Language Models (LLMs) generate text through unidirectional autoregressive decoding methods to respond to various user queries. These methods tend to consider token selection in a simple sequential manner, making it easy to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ziqin Luo , Haixia Han , Haokun Zhao , Guochao Jiang , Chengyu Du , Tingyun Li , Jiaqing Liang , Deqing Yang , Yanghua Xiao

Query Expansion (QE) improves retrieval performance by enriching queries with related terms. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used for QE, but existing methods face a trade-off: generating diverse terms boosts performance…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jinseok Kim , Sukmin Cho , Soyeong Jeong , Sangyeop Kim , Sungzoon Cho

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to a surge of interest in query augmentation for information retrieval (IR). Two main approaches have emerged. The first prompts LLMs to generate answers or pseudo-documents that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhichao Xu , Shengyao Zhuang , Xueguang Ma , Bingsen Chen , Yijun Tian , Fengran Mo , Jie Cao , Vivek Srikumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) optimized to output truthful answers often overfit, producing brittle reasoning that fails to generalize. While persuasion-based optimization has shown promise in debate settings, it has not been systematically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Aksel Joonas Reedi , Corentin Léger , Julien Pourcel , Loris Gaven , Perrine Charriau , Guillaume Pourcel

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a powerful class of algorithms for optimizing expensive black-box functions, but designing effective BO algorithms remains a manual, expertise-driven task. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Wenhu Li , Niki van Stein , Thomas Bäck , Elena Raponi

Self-consistency-based approaches, which involve repeatedly sampling multiple outputs and selecting the most consistent one as the final response, prove to be remarkably effective in improving the factual accuracy of large language models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Yi Cheng , Xiao Liang , Yeyun Gong , Wen Xiao , Song Wang , Yuji Zhang , Wenjun Hou , Kaishuai Xu , Wenge Liu , Wenjie Li , Jian Jiao , Qi Chen , Peng Cheng , Wayne Xiong

Using unlabeled wild data containing both in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) data to improve the safety and reliability of models has recently received increasing attention. Existing methods either design customized losses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Chuanxing Geng , Qifei Li , Xinrui Wang , Dong Liang , Songcan Chen , Pong C. Yuen

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are an extension of Large Language Models (LLMs) that facilitate processing both image and text inputs, expanding AI capabilities. However, LVLMs struggle with object hallucinations due to their reliance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Avshalom Manevich , Reut Tsarfaty
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