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The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) makes it important to recognize their strengths and limitations. We argue that in order to develop a holistic understanding of these systems we need to consider the problem that they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 R. Thomas McCoy , Shunyu Yao , Dan Friedman , Matthew Hardy , Thomas L. Griffiths

Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) significantly undermine their reliability, motivating researchers to explore the causes of hallucination. However, most studies primarily focus on the language aspect rather than the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zhangqi Jiang , Junkai Chen , Beier Zhu , Tingjin Luo , Yankun Shen , Xu Yang

Post-training alignment of large language models (LLMs) is a critical challenge, as not all tokens contribute equally to model performance. This paper introduces a selective alignment strategy that prioritizes high-impact tokens within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zhijin Dong

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) gain speed by committing multiple tokens in parallel at each denoising step, but any erroneous commitment persists as conditioning context and biases every subsequent prediction. LLaDA2.1 repairs such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Lin Yao

Despite demonstrating impressive capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) still often struggle to accurately express the factual knowledge they possess, especially in cases where the LLMs' knowledge boundaries are ambiguous. To improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Boyang Xue , Fei Mi , Qi Zhu , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Erxin Yu , Xuming Hu , Kam-Fai Wong

Transformer-based document cross-encoder rerankers are a central component of modern information retrieval systems. Despite their success, these models suffer from high computational costs due to processing long query-document sequences at…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shengyao Zhuang , Zhichao Xu , Ivano Lauriola

With the rapid advancement of test-time compute search strategies to improve the mathematical problem-solving capabilities of large language models (LLMs), the need for building robust verifiers has become increasingly important. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jung Hyun Lee , June Yong Yang , Byeongho Heo , Dongyoon Han , Kyungsu Kim , Eunho Yang , Kang Min Yoo

Most language models (LMs) are trained and applied in an autoregressive left-to-right fashion, assuming that the next token only depends on the preceding ones. However, this assumption ignores the potential benefits of using the full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Anh Nguyen , Nikos Karampatziakis , Weizhu Chen

As large language models (LLMs) are trained on massive datasets, they have raised significant privacy and ethical concerns due to their potential to inadvertently retain sensitive information. Unlearning seeks to selectively remove specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Philipp Spohn , Leander Girrbach , Jessica Bader , Zeynep Akata

Large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge across diverse domains such as science, history, and geography encountered during generative pre-training. However, due to their stochasticity, it is difficult to predict what LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kartik Sharma , Yiqiao Jin , Rakshit Trivedi , Srijan Kumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely used as general-purpose AI agents showing comparable performance on many downstream tasks. However, existing work shows that it is challenging for LLMs to integrate structured data (e.g. KG,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Younghun Lee , Sungchul Kim , Tong Yu , Ryan A. Rossi , Xiang Chen

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as an effective solution for few-shot learning with large language models (LLMs). However, how LLMs leverage demonstrations to specify a task and learn a corresponding computational function through ICL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yu Bai , Heyan Huang , Cesare Spinoso-Di Piano , Marc-Antoine Rondeau , Sanxing Chen , Yang Gao , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence, particularly in Large Language Models (LLMs), have transformed natural language processing by improving generative capabilities. However, detecting biases embedded within these models remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suvendu Mohanty

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated powerful in-context learning capabilities. However, their predictions can be disrupted by factually correct context, a phenomenon known as context hijacking, revealing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Tianle Li , Chenyang Zhang , Xingwu Chen , Yuan Cao , Difan Zou

Locating and editing knowledge in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for enhancing their accuracy, safety, and inference rationale. We introduce ``concept editing'', an innovative variation of knowledge editing that uncovers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Nura Aljaafari , Danilo S. Carvalho , André Freitas

Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) can achieve strong reasoning performance by incorporating functional symbolic representations that abstractly describe graph traversal algorithms and step-by-step reasoning in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Phuong Minh Nguyen , Tien Huu Dang , Naoya Inoue

Alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values and preferences, often achieved through fine-tuning based on human feedback, is essential for ensuring safe and responsible AI behaviors. However, the process typically requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Runjin Chen , Gabriel Jacob Perin , Xuxi Chen , Xilun Chen , Yan Han , Nina S. T. Hirata , Junyuan Hong , Bhavya Kailkhura

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a key paradigm for aligning and optimizing large language models (LLMs). Standard approaches treat the LLM as the policy and apply RL directly over the full vocabulary space. However, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jing-Cheng Pang , Liang Lu , Xian Tang , Kun Jiang , Sijie Wu , Kai Zhang , Xubin Li

Researchers have explored different ways to improve large language models (LLMs)' capabilities via dummy token insertion in contexts. However, existing works focus solely on the dummy tokens themselves, but fail to leverage the inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Zhichen Liu , Yongyuan Li , Yang Xu

The remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) stems from their ability to consolidate vast amounts of knowledge into the memory during pre-training and to retrieve it from the memory during inference, enabling advanced capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Shaohua Zhang , Yuan Lin , Hang Li