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Applications in emerging domains such as XR are being built as compound inference systems, where multiple ML models are composed in the form of a task graph to service each request. Serving these compound systems efficiently raises two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Sriram Devata , Rahul Singh , Sarita Adve

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has created significant challenges for efficient inference at scale. Unlike traditional workloads, LLM inference is constrained by both computation and the memory overhead of key-value (KV)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Chengyi Nie , Nian Si , Zijie Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are wildly popular today and it is important to serve them efficiently. Existing LLM serving systems are stateless across requests. Consequently, when LLMs are used in the common setting of multi-turn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Lingfan Yu , Jinkun Lin , Jinyang Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed under the Model-as-a-Service (MaaS) paradigm. To meet stringent quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, existing LLM serving systems disaggregate the prefill and decode phases of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Ao Xu , Han Zhao , Weihao Cui , Quan Chen , Yukang Chen , Shulai Zhang , Shuang Chen , Jiemin Jiang , Zhibin Yu , Minyi Guo

As Large Language Models (LLMs) gain traction, their reliance on power-hungry GPUs places ever-increasing energy demands, raising environmental and monetary concerns. Inference dominates LLM workloads, presenting a critical challenge for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Andreas Kosmas Kakolyris , Dimosthenis Masouros , Petros Vavaroutsos , Sotirios Xydis , Dimitrios Soudris

Online LLM inference powers many exciting applications such as intelligent chatbots and autonomous agents. Modern LLM inference engines widely rely on request batching to improve inference throughput, aiming to make it cost-efficient when…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xuanlin Jiang , Yang Zhou , Shiyi Cao , Ion Stoica , Minlan Yu

Large Language Model (LLM) inference is increasingly constrained by GPU memory capacity rather than compute throughput, driven by growing model sizes and the linear growth of the key-value (KV) cache during autoregressive decoding. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nikhil Gopal , Kostis Kaffes

Large Language Models (LLMs) face challenges for on-device inference due to high memory demands. Traditional methods to reduce memory usage often compromise performance and lack adaptability. We propose FlexInfer, an optimized offloading…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Hongchao Du , Shangyu Wu , Arina Kharlamova , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

This paper introduces Helix, a distributed system for high-throughput, low-latency large language model (LLM) serving in heterogeneous GPU clusters. The key idea behind Helix is to formulate inference computation of LLMs over heterogeneous…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Yixuan Mei , Yonghao Zhuang , Xupeng Miao , Juncheng Yang , Zhihao Jia , Rashmi Vinayak

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized applications such as code completion, chatbots, and online classification. To elevate user experiences, service level objectives (SLOs) serve as crucial benchmarks for assessing inference…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Jinqi Huang , Yi Xiong , Xuebing Yu , Wenjie Huang , Entong Li , Li Zeng , Xin Chen

We introduce xLLM, an intelligent and efficient Large Language Model (LLM) inference framework designed for high-performance, large-scale enterprise-grade serving, with deep optimizations for diverse AI accelerators. To address these…

LLM-based applications have been widely used in various industries, but with the increasing of models size, an efficient large language model (LLM) inference system is an urgent problem to be solved for service providers. Since the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xing Chen , Rong Shi , Lu Zhao , Lingbin Wang , Xiao Jin , Yueqiang Chen , Hongfeng Sun

Modern large language model (LLM) applications exhibit diverse service-level objectives (SLOs), from low-latency requirements in interactive coding assistants to more relaxed constraints in data wrangling tasks. Existing LLM serving…

The AI datacenters are currently being deployed on a large scale to support the training and deployment of power-intensive large-language models (LLMs). Extensive amount of computation and cooling required in datacenters increase concerns…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-14 Nardos Belay Abera , Yize Chen

In recent times, the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has resulted in increasingly larger model size, posing challenges for inference on low-resource devices. Prior approaches have explored offloading to facilitate low-memory…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xuanlei Zhao , Bin Jia , Haotian Zhou , Ziming Liu , Shenggan Cheng , Yang You

Large language models (LLMs) are typically served from clusters of GPUs/NPUs that consist of large number of devices. Unfortunately, communication between these devices incurs significant overhead, increasing the inference latency and cost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ahmet Caner Yüzügüler , Jiawei Zhuang , Lukas Cavigelli

Large language model (LLM) inference has become a dominant workload in modern data centers, driving significant GPU utilization and energy consumption. While prior systems optimize throughput and latency by batching, scheduling, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Can Hankendi , Rana Shahout , Minlan Yu , Ayse K. Coskun

Organisations are increasingly putting machine learning models into production at scale. The increasing popularity of serverless scale-to-zero paradigms presents an opportunity for deploying machine learning models to help mitigate…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Clive Cox , Dan Sun , Ellis Tarn , Animesh Singh , Rakesh Kelkar , David Goodwin

Since the increasing popularity of large language model (LLM) backend systems, it is common and necessary to deploy stable serverless serving of LLM on multi-GPU clusters with autoscaling. However, there exist challenges because the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Tao Huang , Pengfei Chen , Kyoka Gong , Jocky Hawk , Zachary Bright , Wenxin Xie , Kecheng Huang , Zhi Ji

Offline LLM inference seeks to maximize request processing under fixed budgets, making commodity GPU servers a promising choice. However, prior work typically considers offloading and parallelism in isolation, resulting in suboptimal…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hongbin Zhang , Taosheng Wei , Jiazhi Jiang , Hui Yan , Jiangsu Du , Zhiguang Chen