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Knowledge tracing aims to trace students' evolving knowledge states by predicting their future performance on concept-related exercises. Recently, some graph-based models have been developed to incorporate the relationships between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Chaoran Cui , Yumo Yao , Chunyun Zhang , Hebo Ma , Yuling Ma , Zhaochun Ren , Chen Zhang , James Ko

In education applications, knowledge tracing refers to the problem of estimating students' time-varying concept/skill mastery level from their past responses to questions and predicting their future performance. One key limitation of most…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Naiming Liu , Zichao Wang , Richard G. Baraniuk , Andrew Lan

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a popular approach for modeling students' learning progress over time, which can enable more personalized and adaptive learning. However, existing KT approaches face two major limitations: (1) they rely heavily on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Yilmazcan Ozyurt , Stefan Feuerriegel , Mrinmaya Sachan

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict the future performance of students by tracking the development of their knowledge states. Despite all the recent progress made in this field, the application of KT models in education systems is still…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Panagiotis Pagonis , Kai Hartung , Di Wu , Munir Georges , Sören Gröttrup

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is committed to capturing students' knowledge mastery from their historical interactions. Simulating students' memory states is a promising approach to enhance both the performance and interpretability of knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mingrong Lin , Ke Deng , Zhengyang Wu , Zetao Zheng , Jie Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict a student's future performance based on their sequence of interactions with learning content. Many KT models rely on knowledge concepts (KCs), which represent the skills required for each item.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

A central goal of both knowledge tracing and traditional assessment is to quantify student knowledge and skills at a given point in time. Deep knowledge tracing flexibly considers a student's response history but does not quantify epistemic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-25 S. Thomas Christie , Carson Cook , Anna N. Rafferty

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a crucial basis for pedagogical decision-making, namely which task to select next for a learner and when to stop teaching a particular skill. Given the high stakes of pedagogical decisions, KT models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Adia Khalid , Alina Deriyeva , Benjamin Paassen

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are commonly evaluated by training on early interactions from all students and testing on later responses. While effective for measuring average predictive performance, this evaluation design obscures a cold…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Indronil Bhattacharjee , Christabel Wayllace

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to predict learners' future performance based on historical learning interactions. However, existing KT models predominantly focus on data from a single course, limiting their ability to capture a comprehensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wenkang Han , Wang Lin , Liya Hu , Zhenlong Dai , Yiyun Zhou , Mengze Li , Zemin Liu , Chang Yao , Jingyuan Chen

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in educational data mining that mainly focuses on students' dynamic cognitive states of skills. The question-answering process of students can be regarded as a thinking process that considers the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Haotian Zhang , Chenyang Bu , Fei Liu , Shuochen Liu , Yuhong Zhang , Xuegang Hu

This paper introduces ES-KT-24, a novel multimodal Knowledge Tracing (KT) dataset for intelligent tutoring systems in educational game contexts. Although KT is crucial in adaptive learning, existing datasets often lack game-based and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Dohee Kim , Unggi Lee , Sookbun Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Taekyung Ahn , Jaekwon Park , Gunho Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim

The integration of AI in education offers significant potential to enhance learning efficiency. Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Llama, allow students to query a wide range of topics, providing unprecedented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Zhaoxing Li , Vahid Yazdanpanah , Jindi Wang , Wen Gu , Lei Shi , Alexandra I. Cristea , Sarah Kiden , Sebastian Stein

Continual learning, involving sequential training on diverse tasks, often faces catastrophic forgetting. While knowledge distillation-based approaches exhibit notable success in preventing forgetting, we pinpoint a limitation in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Zenglin Shi , Pei Liu , Tong Su , Yunpeng Wu , Kuien Liu , Yu Song , Meng Wang

Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) play a crucial role in educational assessment and diagnostic screening in behavioral health. Unlike traditional linear tests that administer a fixed set of pre-assembled items, CATs adaptively tailor the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Jiguang Li , Robert Gibbons , Veronika Rockova

Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) is a widely used and interpretable student modeling approach in intelligent tutoring systems and educational data mining. However, most implementations rely on expectation-maximization or related…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Siddhartha Pradhan , Yanping Pei , Morgan Lee , Puyuan Zhang , Erin Ottmar , Adam C. Sales

Deep neural models in recent years have been successful in almost every field, including extremely complex problem statements. However, these models are huge in size, with millions (and even billions) of parameters, thus demanding more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Lin Wang , Kuk-Jin Yoon

Recent work exploring the capabilities of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated their ability to act as general pattern machines by completing complex token sequences representing a wide array of tasks, including…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Seyed Parsa Neshaei , Richard Lee Davis , Adam Hazimeh , Bojan Lazarevski , Pierre Dillenbourg , Tanja Käser

With the rapid development in online education, knowledge tracing (KT) has become a fundamental problem which traces students' knowledge status and predicts their performance on new questions. Questions are often numerous in online…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Yang Yang , Jian Shen , Yanru Qu , Yunfei Liu , Kerong Wang , Yaoming Zhu , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

In this paper, we study knowledge tracing in the domain of programming education and make two important contributions. First, we harvest and publish so far the most comprehensive dataset, namely BePKT, which covers various online behaviors…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Renyu Zhu , Dongxiang Zhang , Chengcheng Han , Ming Gao , Xuesong Lu , Weining Qian , Aoying Zhou