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Large language models (LLMs) have multilingual capabilities and can solve tasks across various languages. However, we show that current LLMs make key decisions in a representation space closest to English, regardless of their input and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Lisa Schut , Yarin Gal , Sebastian Farquhar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been profusely evaluated on their ability to answer questions on many topics and their performance on different natural language understanding tasks. Those tests are usually conducted in English, but most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Marina Mayor-Rocher , Nina Melero , Elena Merino-Gómez , María Grandury , Javier Conde , Pedro Reviriego

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that have undergone extensive training using large datasets in order to understand and produce language that closely resembles that of humans. These models have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Alessio Buscemi

The performance of conversational Large Language Models (LLMs) in general, and of ChatGPT in particular, is currently being evaluated on many different tasks, from logical reasoning or maths to answering questions on a myriad of topics.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Gonzalo Martínez , José Alberto Hernández , Javier Conde , Pedro Reviriego , Elena Merino

Large Language Models(LLMs)have become effective tools for natural language processing and have been used in many different fields. This essay offers a succinct summary of various LLM subcategories. The survey emphasizes recent developments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Saurabh Pahune , Manoj Chandrasekharan

Since the release of ChatGPT, the field of Natural Language Processing has experienced rapid advancements, particularly in Large Language Models (LLMs) and their multimodal counterparts, Large Multimodal Models (LMMs). Despite their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Florian Schneider , Sunayana Sitaram

The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI) into the legal profession raises significant questions about the capacity of Large Language Models(LLM) to perform key legal tasks. In this paper, I empirically evaluate how well LLMs, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Rahul Hemrajani

Language models have steadily increased in size over the past few years. They achieve a high level of performance on various natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as question answering and summarization. Large language models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Jessica Huynh , Cathy Jiao , Prakhar Gupta , Shikib Mehri , Payal Bajaj , Vishrav Chaudhary , Maxine Eskenazi

General large language models (LLMs), represented by ChatGPT, have demonstrated significant potential in tasks such as code generation in software engineering. This has led to the development of specialized LLMs for software engineering,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Zibin Zheng , Kaiwen Ning , Yanlin Wang , Jingwen Zhang , Dewu Zheng , Mingxi Ye , Jiachi Chen

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), in this paper we investigate the multilingual capability of these models. Our preliminary results show that, translating the native language context, question and answer into a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Adar Kahana , Jaya Susan Mathew , Said Bleik , Jeremy Reynolds , Oren Elisha

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to both research and daily operations, rigorous evaluation is crucial. This assessment is important not only for individual tasks but also for understanding their societal impact and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Zeeshan Rasheed , Muhammad Waseem , Kari Systä , Pekka Abrahamsson

Language models (LMs) represent an emerging paradigm within artificial intelligence, with applications throughout the medical enterprise. A comprehensive understanding of the clinical task and awareness of the variability in performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Victor Garcia , Mariia Sidulova , Aldo Badano

Evaluation plays a crucial role in development of Machine translation systems. In order to judge the quality of an existing MT system i.e. if the translated output is of human translation quality or not, various automatic metrics exist. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-04-08 Aditi Kalyani , Hemant Kumud , Shashi Pal Singh , Ajai Kumar , Hemant Darbari

Code readability is one of the main aspects of code quality, influenced by various properties like identifier names, comments, code structure, and adherence to standards. However, measuring this attribute poses challenges in both industry…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Igor Regis da Silva Simoes , Elaine Venson

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language processing tasks and beyond. This success of LLMs has led to a large influx of research contributions in this direction. These works…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Humza Naveed , Asad Ullah Khan , Shi Qiu , Muhammad Saqib , Saeed Anwar , Muhammad Usman , Naveed Akhtar , Nick Barnes , Ajmal Mian

This study explores the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT-4, to enhance objectivity in organizational task performance evaluations. Through comparative analyses across two studies, including various task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Ning Li , Huaikang Zhou , Mingze Xu

Large language models (LLMs) show best-in-class performance across a wide range of natural language processing applications. Training these models is an extremely computationally expensive task; frontier Artificial Intelligence (AI)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Alexander Interrante-Grant , Carla Varela-Rosa , Suhaas Narayan , Chris Connelly , Albert Reuther

LLMs are predominantly trained on English data, which leads to a significant drop in performance on low-resource languages. Understanding how LLMs handle these languages is crucial for improving their effectiveness. This study focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Taaha Saleem Bajwa

The dominance of large multilingual foundation models has widened linguistic inequalities in Natural Language Processing (NLP), often leaving low-resource languages underrepresented. This paper introduces LilMoo, a 0.6-billion-parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shiza Fatimah , Aniket Sen , Sophia Falk , Florian Mai , Lucie Flek , Nicholas Kluge Corrêa

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit superior performance on various natural language tasks, but they are susceptible to issues stemming from outdated data and domain-specific limitations. In order to address these challenges, researchers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Zhangyin Feng , Weitao Ma , Weijiang Yu , Lei Huang , Haotian Wang , Qianglong Chen , Weihua Peng , Xiaocheng Feng , Bing Qin , Ting liu
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