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Interactive systems are omnipresent today and the need to create graphical user interfaces (GUIs) is just as ubiquitous. For the elicitation and validation of requirements, GUI prototyping is a well-known and effective technique, typically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Kristian Kolthoff , Felix Kretzer , Christian Bartelt , Alexander Maedche , Simone Paolo Ponzetto

The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is how users interact with mobile apps. To ensure it functions properly, testing engineers have to make sure it functions as intended, based on test requirements that are typically written in natural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Yongxiang Hu , Xuan Wang , Yingchuan Wang , Yu Zhang , Shiyu Guo , Chaoyi Chen , Xin Wang , Yangfan Zhou

Recent advances in mobile GUI agents have shown strong potential for automating mobile tasks, but most effective systems still depend on large vision-language models for screenshot understanding and long-horizon planning. Small GUI agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuxiang Chai , Han Xiao , Xinyu Fu , Jinpeng Chen , Rui Liu , Hongsheng Li

Recent progress in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has enabled mobile GUI agents capable of visual perception, cross-modal reasoning, and interactive control. However, existing benchmarks are largely English-centric and fail to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yang Li , Yuchen Liu , Haoyu Lu , Zhiqiang Xia , Hongzhen Wang , Kaiyang Han , Changpeng Yang , Jinyang Wu , Jiaming Xu , Runyu Shi , Ying Huang

We introduce RegionFocus, a visual test-time scaling approach for Vision Language Model Agents. Understanding webpages is challenging due to the visual complexity of GUI images and the large number of interface elements, making accurate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Tiange Luo , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Justin Johnson , Honglak Lee

Perception-enhanced pre-training, particularly through grounding techniques, is widely adopted to enhance the performance of graphical user interface (GUI) agents. However, in resource-constrained scenarios, the format discrepancy between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zongru Wu , Pengzhou Cheng , Zheng Wu , Tianjie Ju , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Computer-use agents (CUAs) automate on-screen work, as illustrated by GPT-5.4 and Claude. Yet their reliability on complex, low-frequency interactions is still poor, limiting user trust. Our analysis of failure cases from advanced models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Miaosen Zhang , Xiaohan Zhao , Zhihong Tan , Zhou Huoshen , Yijia Fan , Yifan Yang , Kai Qiu , Bei Liu , Justin Wagle , Chenzhong Yin , Mingxi Cheng , Ji Li , Qi Dai , Chong Luo , Xu Yang , Xin Geng , Baining Guo

Autonomous mobile GUI agents have attracted increasing attention along with the advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, existing methods still suffer from inefficient learning from failed trajectories and ambiguous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Zichuan Lin , Feiyu Liu , Yijun Yang , Jiafei Lyu , Yiming Gao , Yicheng Liu , Zhicong Lu , Yangbin Yu , Mingyu Yang , Junyou Li , Deheng Ye , Jie Jiang

Graphical user interface (GUI) has become integral to modern society, making it crucial to be understood for human-centric systems. However, unlike natural images or documents, GUIs comprise artificially designed graphical elements arranged…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Ziwei Wang , Weizhi Chen , Leyang Yang , Sheng Zhou , Shengchu Zhao , Hanbei Zhan , Jiongchao Jin , Liangcheng Li , Zirui Shao , Jiajun Bu

Post-training GUI agents in interactive environments is critical for developing generalization and long-horizon planning capabilities. However, training on real-world applications is hindered by high latency, poor reproducibility, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuan Cao , Dezhi Ran , Mengzhou Wu , Yuzhe Guo , Xin Chen , Ang Li , Gang Cao , Gong Zhi , Hao Yu , Linyi Li , Wei Yang , Tao Xie

We present MUG, a novel interactive task for multimodal grounding where a user and an agent work collaboratively on an interface screen. Prior works modeled multimodal UI grounding in one round: the user gives a command and the agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Tao Li , Gang Li , Jingjie Zheng , Purple Wang , Yang Li

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown rapid progress in mobile GUI navigation. This paper presents a systematic study of data scaling, benchmarking, and reasoning for VLM-based agents in this domain. To facilitate rigorous evaluation, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Heng Qu , Yike Liu , Renren Jin , Wenzong Zhang , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan

Exploratory GUI testing is a particularly demanding setting for MLLM agents: without predefined test scripts, an agent must autonomously navigate an application and discover defects through its own interaction. However, current evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiaoyi Chen , Yifei Gao , Yang Xu , Xingxing Song , Yi Zhang , Jitao Sang

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents have advanced rapidly but still struggle with complex tasks involving novel UI elements, long-horizon actions, and personalized trajectories. In this work, we introduce Instruction Agent, a GUI agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Yinheng Li , Hailey Hultquist , Justin Wagle , Kazuhito Koishida

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have gained substantial attention due to their impressive capabilities to complete tasks through multiple interactions within GUI environments. However, existing agents primarily focus on enhancing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Qinzhuo Wu , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents are rapidly progressing toward autonomous interaction and reliable task execution across diverse applications. However, two central challenges remain unresolved: automating the evaluation of agent…

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation through LLM-powered GUI agents, yet their ability to process sensitive data with limited human oversight raises significant privacy and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Chaoran Chen , Zhiping Zhang , Ibrahim Khalilov , Bingcan Guo , Simret A Gebreegziabher , Yanfang Ye , Ziang Xiao , Yaxing Yao , Tianshi Li , Toby Jia-Jun Li

GUI agents are designed to automate repetitive tasks and enhance productivity. However, existing GUI agents struggle to recover once they follow an incorrect exploration path, often leading to task failure. In this work, we model GUI task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ziyu Lu , Tengjin Weng , Yiying Yang , Yuhang Zhao , Xinxin Huang , Wenhao Jiang

In this paper, we introduce GUIDE, a novel dataset tailored for the advancement of Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) applications, particularly focusing on Robotic Process Automation (RPA) use cases. Our dataset encompasses diverse…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Rajat Chawla , Adarsh Jha , Muskaan Kumar , Mukunda NS , Ishaan Bhola

Building Graphical User Interface (GUI) assistants holds significant promise for enhancing human workflow productivity. While most agents are language-based, relying on closed-source API with text-rich meta-information (e.g., HTML or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Kevin Qinghong Lin , Linjie Li , Difei Gao , Zhengyuan Yang , Shiwei Wu , Zechen Bai , Weixian Lei , Lijuan Wang , Mike Zheng Shou