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Penetration testing and vulnerability assessment are essential industry practices for safeguarding computer systems. As cyber threats grow in scale and complexity, the demand for pentesting has surged, surpassing the capacity of human…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yasod Ginige , Akila Niroshan , Sajal Jain , Suranga Seneviratne

Large Language Models (LLMs) have training corpora containing large amounts of program code, greatly improving the model's code comprehension and generation capabilities. However, sound comprehensive research on detecting program…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Yu Liu , Lang Gao , Mingxin Yang , Yu Xie , Ping Chen , Xiaojin Zhang , Wei Chen

Penetration testing is an essential means of proactive defense in the face of escalating cybersecurity incidents. Traditional manual penetration testing methods are time-consuming, resource-intensive, and prone to human errors. Current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Yunfei Ge , Quanyan Zhu

This paper presents a critical examination of the surprising efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in penetration testing. The paper thoroughly reviews the evolution of LLMs and their rapidly expanding capabilities which render them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Andreas Happe , Jürgen Cito

With the emergence of high-performance large language models (LLMs) such as GPT, Claude, and Gemini, the autonomous and semi-autonomous execution of tasks has significantly advanced across various domains. However, in highly specialized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Masaya Kobayashi , Masane Fuchi , Amar Zanashir , Tomonori Yoneda , Tomohiro Takagi

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has created new opportunities for Automated Penetration Testing (AutoPT), spawning numerous frameworks aimed at achieving end-to-end autonomous attacks. However, despite the…

LLM-based agents show promise for automating penetration testing, yet reported performance varies widely across systems and benchmarks. We analyze 28 LLM-based penetration testing systems and evaluate five representative implementations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Gelei Deng , Yi Liu , Yuekang Li , Ruozhao Yang , Xiaofei Xie , Jie Zhang , Han Qiu , Tianwei Zhang

While penetration testing plays a vital role in cybersecurity, achieving fully automated, hands-off-the-keyboard execution remains a significant research challenge. In this paper, we introduce the "Planner-Executor-Perceptor (PEP)" design…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Lingzhi Wang , Xinyi Shi , Ziyu Li , Yi Jiang , Shiyu Tan , Yuhao Jiang , Junjie Cheng , Wenyuan Chen , Xiangmin Shen , Zhenyuan LI , Yan Chen

The integration of artificial intelligence into automated penetration testing (AutoPT) has highlighted the necessity of simulation modeling for the training of intelligent agents, due to its cost-efficiency and swift feedback capabilities.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yunfei Wang , Shixuan Liu , Wenhao Wang , Changling Zhou , Chao Zhang , Jiandong Jin , Cheng Zhu

As software systems grow in complexity, security vulnerabilities have become increasingly prevalent, posing serious risks and economic costs. Although automated detection tools such as fuzzers have advanced considerably, effective…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Mingming Zhang , Xu Wang , Jian Zhang , Xiangxin Meng , Jiayi Zhang , Chunming Hu

In the current rapidly changing digital environment, businesses are under constant stress to ensure that their systems are secured. Security audits help to maintain a strong security posture by ensuring that policies are in place, controls…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Jia Hui Chin , Pu Zhang , Yu Xin Cheong , Jonathan Pan

Multi-agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs) are transforming enterprise automation, yet systematic evaluation methodologies for assessing tool-use reliability remain underdeveloped. We introduce a comprehensive diagnostic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Donghao Huang , Gauri Malwe , Zhaoxia Wang

Automated penetration testing (AutoPT) powered by large language models (LLMs) has gained attention for its ability to automate ethical hacking processes and identify vulnerabilities in target systems by leveraging the inherent knowledge of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Hanzheng Dai , Yuanliang Li , Jun Yan , Zhibo Zhang

The increasing complexity and interconnectivity of digital infrastructures make scalable and reliable security assessment methods essential. Robotic systems represent a particularly important class of operational technology, as modern…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Michael Somma , Markus Großpointner , Paul Zabalegui , Eppu Heilimo , Branka Stojanović

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have driven interest in automating cybersecurity penetration testing workflows, offering the promise of faster and more consistent vulnerability assessment for enterprise systems. Existing LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Katsuaki Nakano , Reza Fayyazi , Shanchieh Jay Yang , Michael Zuzak

Penetration testing (pentesting) involves performing a controlled attack on a computer system in order to assess it's security. Although an effective method for testing security, pentesting requires highly skilled practitioners and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Jonathon Schwartz , Hanna Kurniawati

Automating penetration testing is crucial for enhancing cybersecurity, yet current Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant limitations in this domain, including poor error handling, inefficient reasoning, and an inability to perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 He Kong , Die Hu , Jingguo Ge , Liangxiong Li , Hui Li , Tong Li

In recent years, the remarkable progress of large language models (LLMs) has sparked interest in task automation, which involves decomposing complex tasks described by user instructions into sub-tasks and invoking external tools to execute…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Yongliang Shen , Kaitao Song , Xu Tan , Wenqi Zhang , Kan Ren , Siyu Yuan , Weiming Lu , Dongsheng Li , Yueting Zhuang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in tasks like code translation, prompting interest in their potential for automating software vulnerability detection (SVD) and patching (SVP). To further research in this area, establishing a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Arastoo Zibaeirad , Marco Vieira

TThis paper argues that \textbf{a comprehensive vulnerability analysis is essential for building trustworthy Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-MAS)}. These systems, which consist of multiple LLM-powered agents working…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Juanhui Li , Shen Dong , Zhenwei Dai , Xianfeng Tang , Hui Liu , Han Xu , Zhen Xiang , Charu C. Aggarwal , Hui Liu