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This paper proposes a novel approach for the generation of memory-efficient table-based function approximation circuits for FPGAs. Given a function f(x) to be approximated in a given interval [x0,x0+a] and a maximum approximation error Ea,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Chetana Pradhan , Martin Letras , Jürgen Teich

A common practice in most of deep convolutional neural architectures is to employ fully-connected layers followed by Softmax activation to minimize cross-entropy loss for the sake of classification. Recent studies show that substitution or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-10-23 Arash Shahriari

We prove that with linear transformations, both (i) two-layer self-attention and (ii) one-layer self-attention followed by a softmax function are universal approximators for continuous sequence-to-sequence functions on compact domains. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Hude Liu , Hong-Yu Chen , Weimin Wu , Han Liu

ASR systems are deployed across diverse environments, each with specific hardware constraints. We use supernet training to jointly train multiple encoders of varying sizes, enabling dynamic model size adjustment to fit hardware constraints…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Jingjing Xu , Eugen Beck , Zijian Yang , Ralf Schlüter

In recent years, neural networks have enjoyed a renaissance as function approximators in reinforcement learning. Two decades after Tesauro's TD-Gammon achieved near top-level human performance in backgammon, the deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-03 Stefan Elfwing , Eiji Uchibe , Kenji Doya

Recently, Transformer networks have demonstrated outstanding performance in the field of image restoration due to the global receptive field and adaptability to input. However, the quadratic computational complexity of Softmax-attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zhi Jin , Yuwei Qiu , Kaihao Zhang , Hongdong Li , Wenhan Luo

While linear attention reduces the quadratic complexity of standard Transformers to linear time, it often lags behind in expressivity due to the removal of softmax normalization. This omission eliminates \emph{global competition}, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mingwei Xu , Xuan Lin , Xinnan Guo , Wanqing Xu , Wanyun Cui

Latent categorical variables are frequently found in deep learning architectures. They can model actions in discrete reinforcement-learning environments, represent categories in latent-variable models, or express relations in graph neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Alessandro Manenti , Cesare Alippi

We study the influence of different activation functions in the output layer of deep neural network models for soft and hard label prediction in the learning with disagreement task. In this task, the goal is to quantify the amount of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Peyman Hosseini , Mehran Hosseini , Sana Sabah Al-Azzawi , Marcus Liwicki , Ignacio Castro , Matthew Purver

The transformer's attention mechanism has revolutionized AI and machine learning, with its efficient computation being crucial to its performance. However, calculating attention involves matrix operations interspersed with softmax…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Kosmas Alexandridis , Vasileios Titopoulos , Giorgos Dimitrakopoulos

A softmax operator applied to a set of values acts somewhat like the maximization function and somewhat like an average. In sequential decision making, softmax is often used in settings where it is necessary to maximize utility but also to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-15 Kavosh Asadi , Michael L. Littman

Hard-label classification is usually trained with smooth surrogate losses, most prominently softmax cross-entropy. We isolate an asymptotic mechanism by which this mismatch between smooth surrogate and discrete labels produces power-law…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Marcel Kühn , Yoon Thelge , Bernd Rosenow

This paper aims at integrating three powerful techniques namely Deep Learning, Approximate Computing, and Low Power Design into a strategy to optimize logic at the synthesis level. We utilize advances in deep learning to guide an…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Ghasem Pasandi , Mackenzie Peterson , Moises Herrera , Shahin Nazarian , Massoud Pedram

We illustrate the detrimental effect, such as overconfident decisions, that exponential behavior can have in methods like classical LDA and logistic regression. We then show how polynomiality can remedy the situation. This, among others,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Ziqi Wang , Marco Loog

ReLU is widely seen as the default choice for activation functions in neural networks. However, there are cases where more complicated functions are required. In particular, recurrent neural networks (such as LSTMs) make extensive use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-20 Nicholas Gerard Timmons , Andrew Rice

The effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by duplicated data in their extensive pre-training datasets. Current approaches primarily focus on detecting and removing duplicates, which risks the loss of valuable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Nan He , Weichen Xiong , Hanwen Liu , Yi Liao , Lei Ding , Kai Zhang , Guohua Tang , Xiao Han , Wei Yang

Certified verification of transformer attention requires bounding the softmax function over interval constraints on the pre-softmax scores. Existing verifiers relax softmax ndependently of the downstream objective, leaving avoidable slack.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Navid Rezazadeh , Arash Gholami Davoodi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown immense potential in enhancing various aspects of our daily lives, from conversational AI to search and AI assistants. However, their growing capabilities come at the cost of extremely large model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Yingyu Liang , Jiangxuan Long , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Yufa Zhou

Extensive efforts have been made to boost the performance in the domain of language models by introducing various attention-based transformers. However, the inclusion of linear layers with large dimensions contributes to significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Priyansh Bhatnagar , Linfeng Wen , Mingu Kang

This paper investigates the learning theory of Transformer networks for regression tasks on the compact Euclidean domain $[0,1]^d$ and $d$-dimensional compact Riemannian manifolds. We propose a novel constructive approximation framework for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-12 Zhongjie Shi , Wenjing Liao