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Scaling up Large Language Model(LLM) training involves fitting a tremendous amount of training parameters across a limited number of workers. However, methods like ZeRO-3 that drastically reduce GPU memory pressure often incur heavy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Lang Xu , Quentin Anthony , Jacob Hatef , Aamir Shafi , Hari Subramoni , Dhabaleswar K. , Panda

Split learning (SL) is a new collaborative learning technique that allows participants, e.g. a client and a server, to train machine learning models without the client sharing raw data. In this setting, the client initially applies its part…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Tanveer Khan , Khoa Nguyen , Antonis Michalas , Alexandros Bakas

Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) has gained popularity as a fine-tuning approach for Large Language Models (LLMs) due to its low resource requirements and good performance. While a plethora of work has investigated improving LoRA serving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Minghao Yan , Zhuang Wang , Zhen Jia , Shivaram Venkataraman , Yida Wang

Pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs) on web-scale datasets becomes fundamental for advancing general-purpose AI. In contrast, enhancing their predictive performance on downstream tasks typically involves adapting their knowledge…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are difficult to fully fine-tune (e.g., with instructions or human feedback) due to their sheer number of parameters. A family of parameter-efficient sparse fine-tuning methods have proven promising in terms of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Alan Ansell , Ivan Vulić , Hannah Sterz , Anna Korhonen , Edoardo M. Ponti

Split learning (SL) addresses the limitation of running deep learning inference directly on low-power edge/IoT nodes, in which it executes part of the inference process on the sensor and offloading the remainder to a companion device.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zied Jenhani , Mounir Bensalem , Jasenka Dizdarević , Admela Jukan

Split Learning (SL) is a promising collaborative machine learning approach, enabling resource-constrained devices to train models without sharing raw data, while reducing computational load and preserving privacy simultaneously. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yunrui Sun , Gang Hu , Yinglei Teng , Dunbo Cai

Since the release of GPT2-1.5B in 2019, the large language models (LLMs) have evolved from specialized deep models to versatile foundation models. While demonstrating remarkable zero-shot ability, the LLMs still require fine-tuning on local…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Yanjie Dong , Haijun Zhang , Chengming Li , Song Guo , Victor C. M. Leung , Xiping Hu

Robust machine learning (ML) models can be developed by leveraging large volumes of data and distributing the computational tasks across numerous devices or servers. Federated learning (FL) is a technique in the realm of ML that facilitates…

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention across various research disciplines, including the wireless communication community. There have been several heated discussions on the intersection of LLMs and wireless…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Yuyang Du , Hongyu Deng , Soung Chang Liew , Kexin Chen , Yulin Shao , He Chen

This report examines the fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs), integrating theoretical insights with practical applications. It outlines the historical evolution of LLMs from traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Venkatesh Balavadhani Parthasarathy , Ahtsham Zafar , Aafaq Khan , Arsalan Shahid

As large language models (LLMs) evolve, deploying them solely in the cloud or compressing them for edge devices has become inadequate due to concerns about latency, privacy, cost, and personalization. This survey explores a collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Senyao Li , Haozhao Wang , Wenchao Xu , Rui Zhang , Song Guo , Jingling Yuan , Xian Zhong , Tianwei Zhang , Ruixuan Li

Emerging intelligent service scenarios in 6G communication impose stringent requirements for low latency, high reliability, and privacy preservation. Generative large language models (LLMs) are gradually becoming key enablers for the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Pengyan Zhu , Tingting Yang

Split learning (SL) is a privacy-preserving distributed deep learning method used to train a collaborative model without the need for sharing of patient's raw data between clients. In split learning, an additional privacy-preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Harshit Madaan , Manish Gawali , Viraj Kulkarni , Aniruddha Pant

Deploying large Transformer-based vision models on resource-limited mobile devices at network edge is severely constrained by hardware limitations and dynamic wireless environments. While federated learning (FL) enables collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xianke Qiang , Zheng Chang , Geyong Min

Split learning is a distributed training paradigm where a neural network is partitioned between clients and a server, which allows data to remain at the client while only intermediate activations are shared. Traditional split learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Anower Zihad , Felix Owino , Ming Tang , Chao Huang

Nowadays, AI companies improve service quality by aggressively collecting users' data generated by edge devices, which jeopardizes data privacy. To prevent this, Federated Learning is proposed as a private learning scheme, using which users…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Jingtao Li , Runcong Kuang

The deployment of large language models' (LLMs) inference at the edge can facilitate prompt service responsiveness while protecting user privacy. However, it is critically challenged by the resource constraints of a single edge node.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Peirong Zheng , Wenchao Xu , Haozhao Wang , Jinyu Chen , Xuemin Shen

Running Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices is constrained by high compute and memory demands posing a barrier for real-time applications in sectors like healthcare, education, and embedded systems. Current solutions such as…

Split Learning (SL) is a new collaborative learning technique that allows participants, e.g. a client and a server, to train machine learning models without the client sharing raw data. In this setting, the client initially applies its part…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Tanveer Khan , Khoa Nguyen , Antonis Michalas