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We introduce a distributed classical simulation algorithm for general quantum circuits, and present numerical results for calculating the output probabilities of universal random circuits. We find that we can simulate more qubits to greater…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-08 Jianxin Chen , Fang Zhang , Cupjin Huang , Michael Newman , Yaoyun Shi

Analyzing the impact of noise is of fundamental importance to understand the advantages provided by quantum systems. While the classical simulability of noisy discrete-variable systems is increasingly well understood, noisy bosonic circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-12 Varun Upreti , Ulysse Chabaud , Zoë Holmes , Armando Angrisani

We provide a simple prescription to extract an effective Pauli noise model from classical simulations of a noisy experimental protocol for a unitary gate. This prescription yields the closest Pauli channel approximation to the error channel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Michael A. Perlin

We present a quantum process-tomography protocol based on a low-degree ansatz for the quantum channel, i.e. when it can be expressed as a fixed-degree polynomial in terms of Pauli operators. We demonstrate how to perform tomography of such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Marianna Crupi , J. Ignacio Cirac , Flavio Baccari

Quantum computers have enabled solving problems beyond the current computers' capabilities. However, this requires handling noise arising from unwanted interactions in these systems. Several protocols have been proposed to address efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-14 Ali Shaib , Mohamad H. Naim , Mohammed E. Fouda , Rouwaida Kanj , Fadi Kurdahi

Due to the unreliability and limited capacity of existing quantum computer prototypes, quantum circuit simulation continues to be a vital tool for validating next generation quantum computers and for studying variational quantum algorithms,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-01 Yipeng Huang , Steven Holtzen , Todd Millstein , Guy Van den Broeck , Margaret Martonosi

Quantum magic is a necessary resource for quantum computers to be not efficiently simulable by classical computers. Previous results have linked the amount of quantum magic, characterized by the number of $T$ gates or stabilizer rank, to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Yifan Zhang , Yuxuan Zhang

Sampling from the output distributions of quantum computations comprising only commuting gates, known as instantaneous quantum polynomial (IQP) computations, is believed to be intractable for classical computers, and hence this task has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-07 Joel Rajakumar , James D. Watson , Yi-Kai Liu

In this paper, we design quantum circuits for the exponential of scaled $n$-qubit Pauli strings using single-qubit rotation gates, Hadamard gate, and CNOT gates. A key result we derive is that any two Pauli-string operators composed of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Rohit Sarma Sarkar , Sabyasachi Chakraborty , Bibhas Adhikari

It has been known for almost 30 years that quantum circuits with interspersed depolarizing noise converge to the uniform distribution at $\omega(\log n)$ depth, where $n$ is the number of qubits, making them classically simulable. We show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Jon Nelson , Joel Rajakumar , Michael J. Gullans

The present era of quantum processors with hundreds to thousands of noisy qubits has sparked interest in understanding the computational power of these devices and how to leverage it to solve practically relevant problems. For applications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Victor Martinez , Omar Fawzi , Daniel Stilck França

Quantum Machine Learning models typically require expensive on-chip training procedures and often lack efficient gradient estimation methods. By employing Pauli propagation, it is possible to derive a symbolic representation of observables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Saverio Monaco , Jamal Slim , Florian Rehm , Dirk Krücker , Kerstin Borras

As quantum computing hardware steadily increases in qubit count and quality, one important question is how to allocate these resources to mitigate the effects of hardware noise. In a transitional era between noisy small-scale and fully…

The variational quantum imaginary time evolution algorithm is efficient in finding the ground state of a quantum Hamiltonian. This algorithm involves solving a system of linear equations in a classical computer and the solution is then used…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-10 Gaurav Saxena , Ahmed Shalabi , Thi Ha Kyaw

Classical methods to simulate quantum systems are not only a key element of the physicist's toolkit for studying many-body models but are also increasingly important for verifying and challenging upcoming quantum computers. Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-29 Manuel S. Rudolph , Tyson Jones , Yanting Teng , Armando Angrisani , Zoë Holmes

Fermionic Gaussian circuits can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer, but become universal when supplemented with non-Gaussian operations. Similar to stabilizer circuits augmented with non-stabilizer resources, these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Beatriz Dias , Jan Lukas Bosse , James R. Seddon

Sampling from the output distribution of chaotic quantum evolutions, and of pseudo-random universal quantum circuits in particular, has been proposed as a prominent milestone for near-term quantum supremacy. The same paper notes that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-08 Sergio Boixo , Vadim N. Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) algorithms, which run on noisy quantum computers should be carefully designed to boost the output state fidelity. While several compilation approaches have been proposed to minimize circuit errors,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Vedika Saravanan , Samah Mohamed Saeed

We describe and analyze algorithms for classically simulating measurement of an $n$-qubit quantum state $\psi$ in the standard basis, that is, sampling a bit string $x$ from the probability distribution $|\langle x|\psi\rangle|^2$. Our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-15 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset , Yinchen Liu

Classical simulations of noisy quantum circuits are instrumental to our understanding of the behavior of real-world quantum systems and the identification of regimes where one expects quantum advantage. In this work, we present a highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Simon Cichy , Paul K. Faehrmann , Lennart Bittel , Jens Eisert , Hakop Pashayan