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Image translation between two domains is a class of problems aiming to learn mapping from an input image in the source domain to an output image in the target domain. It has been applied to numerous domains, such as data augmentation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Chao Yang , Taehwan Kim , Ruizhe Wang , Hao Peng , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Multi-head attention mechanism is capable of learning various representations from sequential data while paying attention to different subsequences, e.g., word-pieces or syllables in a spoken word. From the subsequences, it retrieves richer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Mingu Lee , Jinkyu Lee , Hye Jin Jang , Byeonggeun Kim , Wonil Chang , Kyuwoong Hwang

Many real-world phenomena are observed at multiple resolutions. Predictive models designed to predict these phenomena typically consider different resolutions separately. This approach might be limiting in applications where predictions are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Guruprasad Nayak , Rahul Ghosh , Xiaowei Jia , Varun Mithal , Vipin Kumar

Many structured prediction problems (particularly in vision and language domains) are ambiguous, with multiple outputs being correct for an input - e.g. there are many ways of describing an image, multiple ways of translating a sentence;…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-11 Ashwin Kalyan , Stefan Lee , Anitha Kannan , Dhruv Batra

Modern neural networks are often augmented with an attention mechanism, which tells the network where to focus within the input. We propose in this paper a new framework for sparse and structured attention, building upon a smoothed max…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-26 Vlad Niculae , Mathieu Blondel

Advances in machine reading comprehension (MRC) rely heavily on the collection of large scale human-annotated examples in the form of (question, paragraph, answer) triples. In contrast, humans are typically able to generalize with only a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Qinyuan Ye , Xiao Huang , Elizabeth Boschee , Xiang Ren

The advances in natural language processing (NLP) pose both opportunities and challenges. While recent progress enables the development of high-performing models for a variety of tasks, it also poses the risk of models learning harmful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Abdelrahman Zayed , Goncalo Mordido , Samira Shabanian , Sarath Chandar

Work on "learning with rationales" shows that humans providing explanations to a machine learning system can improve the system's predictive accuracy. However, this work has not been connected to work in "explainable AI" which concerns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Julia Strout , Ye Zhang , Raymond J. Mooney

The personalization of search results has gained increasing attention in the past few years, thanks to the development of Neural Networks-based approaches for Information Retrieval and the importance of personalization in many search…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Elias Bassani , Pranav Kasela , Gabriella Pasi

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in formal theorem proving, but their token-level processing often fails to capture the inherent hierarchical nature of mathematical proofs. We introduce \textbf{Hierarchical Attention}, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Jianlong Chen , Chao Li , Yang Yuan , Andrew C Yao

Weakly supervised learning with only coarse labels can obtain visual explanations of deep neural network such as attention maps by back-propagating gradients. These attention maps are then available as priors for tasks such as object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Kunpeng Li , Ziyan Wu , Kuan-Chuan Peng , Jan Ernst , Yun Fu

This paper investigates the limitations of the normalization in attention mechanisms. We begin with a theoretical framework that enables the identification of the model's selective ability and the geometric separation involved in token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Timur Mudarisov , Mikhail Burtsev , Tatiana Petrova , Radu State

Understanding specifically where a model focuses on within an image is critical for human interpretability of the decision-making process. Deep learning-based solutions are prone to learning coincidental correlations in training datasets,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Aidan Boyd , Mohamed Trabelsi , Huseyin Uzunalioglu , Dan Kushnir

The neural attention mechanism has been incorporated into deep neural networks to achieve state-of-the-art performance in various domains. Most such models use multi-head self-attention which is appealing for the ability to attend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Shujian Zhang , Xinjie Fan , Huangjie Zheng , Korawat Tanwisuth , Mingyuan Zhou

Attention models have become a crucial component in neural machine translation (NMT). They are often implicitly or explicitly used to justify the model's decision in generating a specific token but it has not yet been rigorously established…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Pooya Moradi , Nishant Kambhatla , Anoop Sarkar

There is a recent surge of interest in using attention as explanation of model predictions, with mixed evidence on whether attention can be used as such. While attention conveniently gives us one weight per input token and is easily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Jasmijn Bastings , Katja Filippova

Learning to construct text representations in end-to-end systems can be difficult, as natural languages are highly compositional and task-specific annotated datasets are often limited in size. Methods for directly supervising language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Marek Rei , Anders Søgaard

Attention mechanisms represent a fundamental paradigm shift in neural network architectures, enabling models to selectively focus on relevant portions of input sequences through learned weighting functions. This monograph provides a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Hasi Hays

Learning to rank is an important task that has been successfully deployed in many real-world information retrieval systems. Most existing methods compute relevance judgments of documents independently, without holistically considering the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Shuo Sun , Kevin Duh

Attention mechanism is a fundamental component of the transformer model and plays a significant role in its success. However, the theoretical understanding of how attention learns to select tokens is still an emerging area of research. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Keitaro Sakamoto , Issei Sato