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Multi-label classification deals with the problem where each instance is associated with multiple class labels. Because evaluation in multi-label classification is more complicated than single-label setting, a number of performance measures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Xi-Zhu Wu , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Real-world training data is often noisy; for example, human annotators assign conflicting class labels to the same instances. Partial-label learning (PLL) is a weakly supervised learning paradigm that allows training classifiers in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Tobias Fuchs , Florian Kalinke

Partial label learning (PLL) is a typical weakly supervised learning problem, where each training example is associated with a set of candidate labels among which only one is true. Most existing PLL approaches assume that the incorrect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Ning Xu , Congyu Qiao , Xin Geng , Min-Ling Zhang

Semi-supervised multi-label learning (SSMLL) aims to address the challenge of limited labeled data in multi-label learning (MLL) by leveraging unlabeled data to improve the model's performance. While pseudo-labeling has become a dominant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Bo Han , Zhuoming Li , Xiaoyu Wang , Yaxin Hou , Hui Liu , Junhui Hou , Yuheng Jia

Multi-label learning often requires identifying all relevant labels for training instances, but collecting full label annotations is costly and labor-intensive. In many datasets, only a single positive label is annotated per training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Misgina Tsighe Hagos , Claes Lundström

Partial-label learning is a popular weakly supervised learning setting that allows each training example to be annotated with a set of candidate labels. Previous studies on partial-label learning only focused on the classification setting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Xin Cheng , Deng-Bao Wang , Lei Feng , Min-Ling Zhang , Bo An

In-Context Learning (ICL) empowers Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle diverse tasks by incorporating multiple input-output examples, known as demonstrations, into the input of LLMs. More recently, advancements in the expanded context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zihan Chen , Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

We derive and analyze a new, efficient, pool-based active learning algorithm for halfspaces, called ALuMA. Most previous algorithms show exponential improvement in the label complexity assuming that the distribution over the instance space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Alon Gonen , Sivan Sabato , Shai Shalev-Shwartz

In partial multi-label learning (PML), the true labels are unobserved, which makes label disambiguation important but difficult. A key challenge is that ambiguous candidate labels can propagate errors into downstream tasks such as feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Hanlin Pan , Yuhao Tang , Wanfu Gao

Multi-label image classification aims to predict all possible labels in an image. It is usually formulated as a partial-label learning problem, given the fact that it could be expensive in practice to annotate all labels in every training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Rabab Abdelfattah , Xin Zhang , Zhenyao Wu , Xinyi Wu , Xiaofeng Wang , Song Wang

Conventional multi-label classification (MLC) methods assume that all samples are fully labeled and identically distributed. Unfortunately, this assumption is unrealistic in large-scale MLC data that has long-tailed (LT) distribution and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Wenqiao Zhang , Changshuo Liu , Lingze Zeng , Beng Chin Ooi , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang

Label Proportion Learning (LLP) addresses the classification problem where multiple instances are grouped into bags and each bag contains information about the proportion of each class. However, in practical applications, obtaining precise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jiahe Qin , Junpeng Li , Changchun Hua , Yana Yang

In multiple instance multiple label learning, each sample, a bag, consists of multiple instances. To alleviate labeling complexity, each sample is associated with a set of bag-level labels leaving instances within the bag unlabeled. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Tam Nguyen , Raviv Raich

Predictive models trained on imbalanced data tend to produce biased results. This problem is exacerbated when there is not just one output label, but a set of them. This is the case for multilabel learning (MLL) algorithms used to classify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Francisco Charte , Miguel Ángel Dávila , María Dolores Pérez-Godoy , María José del Jesus

In partial multi-label learning (PML), each data example is equipped with a candidate label set, which consists of multiple ground-truth labels and other false-positive labels. Recently, graph-based methods, which demonstrate a good ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Haobo Wang , Shisong Yang , Gengyu Lyu , Weiwei Liu , Tianlei Hu , Ke Chen , Songhe Feng , Gang Chen

In partial multi-label learning (PML), each instance is associated with a set of candidate labels containing both ground-truth and noisy labels. The presence of noisy labels disrupts the correspondence between features and labels, degrading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yu Chen , Weijun Lv , Yue Huang , Xiaozhao Fang , Jie Wen , Yong Xu , Guanbin Li

To ensure that the data collected from human subjects is entrusted with a secret, rival labels are introduced to conceal the information provided by the participants on purpose. The corresponding learning task can be formulated as a noisy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Cheng Chen , Yueming Lyu , Ivor W. Tsang

Deep learning algorithms can fare poorly when the training dataset suffers from heavy class-imbalance but the testing criterion requires good generalization on less frequent classes. We design two novel methods to improve performance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Kaidi Cao , Colin Wei , Adrien Gaidon , Nikos Arechiga , Tengyu Ma

Although multi-label learning can deal with many problems with label ambiguity, it does not fit some real applications well where the overall distribution of the importance of the labels matters. This paper proposes a novel learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-06 Xin Geng

In partial label learning (PLL), each instance is associated with a set of candidate labels among which only one is ground-truth. The majority of the existing works focuses on constructing robust classifiers to estimate the labeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Chongjie Si , Xuehui Wang , Yan Wang , Xiaokang Yang , Wei Shen