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Automated market makers (AMMs) are a new type of trading venues which are revolutionising the way market participants interact. At present, the majority of AMMs are constant function market makers (CFMMs) where a deterministic trading…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-07-25 Marcello Monga

We investigate the market microstructure of Automated Market Makers (AMMs), the most prominent type of blockchain-based decentralized exchanges. We show that the order execution mechanism yields token value loss for liquidity providers if…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-22 Agostino Capponi , Ruizhe Jia

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a rapidly evolving segment of blockchain technology that enables a transformative approach to financial services through Web3 applications. By leveraging smart contracts, DeFi allows developers to build…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Ignat Melnikov , Roman Vlasov , Vladimir Gorgadze , Andrey Seoev , Yury Yanovich

Geometric Brownian motion (GBM) is a model for systems as varied as financial instruments and populations. The statistical properties of GBM are complicated by non-ergodicity, which can lead to ensemble averages exhibiting exponential…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-03-15 Ole Peters , William Klein

The study proposes a quote-driven predictive automated market maker (AMM) platform with on-chain custody and settlement functions, alongside off-chain predictive reinforcement learning capabilities to improve liquidity provision of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-01-27 Tristan Lim

Passive liquidity providers (LPs) in automated market makers (AMMs) face losses due to adverse selection (LVR), which static trading fees often fail to offset in practice. We study the key determinants of LP profitability in a dynamic…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-08-12 Steven Campbell , Philippe Bergault , Jason Milionis , Marcel Nutz

We study how trading fees and continuous-time arbitrage affect the profitability of liquidity providers (LPs) in Geometric Mean Market Makers (G3Ms). We use stochastic reflected diffusion processes to analyze the dynamics of a G3M model…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-04-14 Cheuk Yin Lee , Shen-Ning Tung , Tai-Ho Wang

Uniswap v3 is the largest decentralized exchange for digital currencies. A novelty of its design is that it allows a liquidity provider (LP) to allocate liquidity to one or more closed intervals of the price of an asset instead of the full…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Zhou Fan , Francisco Marmolejo-Cossío , Daniel J. Moroz , Michael Neuder , Rithvik Rao , David C. Parkes

Automated market makers (AMMs) are smart contracts that automatically trade electronic assets according to a mathematical formula. This paper investigates how an AMM's formula affects the interests of liquidity providers, who endow the AMM…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Daniel Engel , Maurice Herlihy

In decentralized finance, any individual can pool their assets into an automated market maker (AMM) -- herein we focus on the constant product market maker (CPMM) -- in exchange for a claim on a fraction of future pool assets and fees…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-27 Maxim Bichuch , Zachary Feinstein

In decentralized finance ("DeFi"), automated market makers (AMMs) enable traders to programmatically exchange one asset for another. Such trades are enabled by the assets deposited by liquidity providers (LPs). The goal of this paper is to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Jason Milionis , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Tim Roughgarden

We examine how the introduction of concentrated liquidity has changed the liquidity provision market in automated market makers such as Uniswap. To this end, we compare average liquidity provider returns from trading fees before and after…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-10-30 Robin Fritsch

An automated market maker (AMM) is a state machine that manages pools of assets, allowing parties to buy and sell those assets according to a fixed mathematical formula. AMMs are typically implemented as smart contracts on blockchains, and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-01-29 Kenan Wood , Maurice Herlihy , Hammurabi Mendes , Jonad Pulaj

To convert standard Brownian motion $Z$ into a positive process, Geometric Brownian motion (GBM) $e^{\beta Z_t}, \beta >0$ is widely used. We generalize this positive process by introducing an asymmetry parameter $ \alpha \geq 0$ which…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2018-09-10 Peter Carr , Zhibai Zhang

The standard approach for compensating liquidity providers on many decentralized exchanges (DEX) for serving as counter-party to swaps is through charging a small percentage of fees. The expected payoff from the cash flow of this mode of…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-09-07 Jin Hong Kuan

We consider Geometric Mean Market Makers -- a special type of Decentralized Exchange -- with two types of users: liquidity takers and arbitrageurs. Liquidity takers trade at prices that can create arbitrage opportunities, while arbitrageurs…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-21 Masaaki Fukasawa , Basile Maire , Marcus Wunsch

The geometric Brownian motion (GBM) is widely employed for modeling stochastic processes, yet its solutions are characterized by the log-normal distribution. This comprises predictive capabilities of GBM mainly in terms of forecasting…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2024-03-19 Rishabh Gupta , Ewa A. Drzazga-Szczȩśniak , Sabre Kais , Dominik Szczȩśniak

Automated market makers (AMM) have grown to obtain significant market share within the cryptocurrency ecosystem, resulting in a proliferation of new products pursuing exotic strategies for horizontal differentiation. Yet, their theoretical…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-05-07 Johannes Rude Jensen , Mohsen Pourpouneh , Kurt Nielsen , Omri Ross

In the ever evolving landscape of decentralized finance automated market makers (AMMs) play a key role: they provide a market place for trading assets in a decentralized manner. For so-called bluechip pairs, arbitrage activity provides a…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-05-16 Abe Alexander , Lars Fritz

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are essential in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) as they match liquidity supply with demand. They function through liquidity providers (LPs) who deposit assets into liquidity pools. However, the asset trading…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-01 Viraj Nadkarni , Sanjeev Kulkarni , Pramod Viswanath