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Recent advances in prompt optimization have notably enhanced the performance of pre-trained language models (PLMs) on downstream tasks. However, the potential of optimized prompts on domain generalization has been under-explored. To explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Chengzhengxu Li , Xiaoming Liu , Zhaohan Zhang , Yichen Wang , Chen Liu , Yu Lan , Chao Shen

Large language models (LLMs) are typically developed through large-scale pre-training followed by task-specific fine-tuning. Recent advances highlight the importance of an intermediate mid-training stage, where models undergo multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Kaixiang Mo , Yuxin Shi , Weiwei Weng , Zhiqiang Zhou , Shuman Liu , Haibo Zhang , Anxiang Zeng

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong reasoning performance by allocating substantial computation at inference time, often generating long and verbose reasoning traces. While recent work on efficient reasoning reduces this overhead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Han Wang , Xiaodong Yu , Jialian Wu , Jiang Liu , Ximeng Sun , Mohit Bansal , Zicheng Liu

Large-batch training has become a cornerstone in accelerating the training of deep neural networks, yet it poses challenges in optimization and generalization. Existing optimizers like AdamW present performance degradation during language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yang Luo , Zangwei Zheng , Ziheng Qin , Zirui Zhu , Yong Liu , Yang You

Recent studies have found that summaries generated by large language models (LLMs) are favored by human annotators over the original reference summaries in commonly used summarization datasets. Therefore, we study an LLM-as-reference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Yixin Liu , Kejian Shi , Katherine S He , Longtian Ye , Alexander R. Fabbri , Pengfei Liu , Dragomir Radev , Arman Cohan

We study the problem of fine-tuning a language model (LM) for a target task by optimally using the information from $n$ auxiliary tasks. This problem has broad applications in NLP, such as targeted instruction tuning and data selection in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Dongyue Li , Ziniu Zhang , Lu Wang , Hongyang R. Zhang

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human values often involves balancing multiple, conflicting objectives such as helpfulness and harmlessness. Training these models is computationally intensive, and centralizing the process raises…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Fatemeh Nourzad , Amirhossein Roknilamouki , Eylem Ekici , Jia Liu , Ness Shroff

Large language models (LLMs) have shown tremendous success in following user instructions and generating helpful responses. Nevertheless, their robustness is still far from optimal, as they may generate significantly inconsistent responses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yukun Zhao , Lingyong Yan , Weiwei Sun , Guoliang Xing , Shuaiqiang Wang , Chong Meng , Zhicong Cheng , Zhaochun Ren , Dawei Yin

Large Language Model (LLM) based text-to-speech (TTS) systems have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in handling large speech datasets and generating natural speech for new speakers. However, LLM-based TTS models are not robust as the…

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve competitive performance across diverse natural language processing (NLP) tasks, yet pretraining is computationally demanding, making optimizer efficiency an important practical consideration. Muon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jingru Li , Yibo Fan , Huan Li

Large Language Model (LLM) agents show great promise for complex, multi-turn tool-use tasks, but their development is often hampered by the extreme scarcity of high-quality training data. Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on synthetic data leads…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Siyuan Lu , Zechuan Wang , Hongxuan Zhang , Qintong Wu , Leilei Gan , Chenyi Zhuang , Jinjie Gu , Tao Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted as evaluators, offering a scalable alternative to human annotation. However, existing supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approaches often fall short in domains that demand complex reasoning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Nuo Chen , Zhiyuan Hu , Qingyun Zou , Jiaying Wu , Qian Wang , Bryan Hooi , Bingsheng He

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate, impeding their reliability in mission-critical situations. One approach to address this issue is to provide citations to relevant sources alongside generated content, enhancing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Rami Aly , Zhiqiang Tang , Samson Tan , George Karypis

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on a number of natural language processing tasks, such as question answering and text summarization. However, their performance on sequence labeling tasks such as intent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Yao Qiang , Subhrangshu Nandi , Ninareh Mehrabi , Greg Ver Steeg , Anoop Kumar , Anna Rumshisky , Aram Galstyan

Web-scale pre-training datasets are the cornerstone of LLMs' success. However, text data curated from the Internet inevitably contains random noise caused by decoding errors or unregulated web content. In contrast to previous works that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Jinghan Ru , Yuxin Xie , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuguo Yin , Zhihui Guo , Zhiming Liu , Qianli Ren , Yuexian Zou

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced human language understanding and generation, with pretraining data quality and organization being crucial to their performance. Multi-stage pretraining is a promising approach, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xuemiao Zhang , Feiyu Duan , Liangyu Xu , Yongwei Zhou , Sirui Wang , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai

During both pretraining and fine-tuning, Large Language Models (\textbf{LLMs}) are trained on trillions of tokens of text of widely varying quality. Both phases of training typically involve heuristically filtering out ``low-quality'' or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Alex Havrilla , Maia Iyer

Loss spikes remain a persistent obstacle in large-scale language model pretraining. While previous research has attempted to identify the root cause of loss spikes by investigating individual factors, we observe that, in practice, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Guoxia Wang , Shuai Li , Congliang Chen , Jinle Zeng , Jiabin Yang , Dianhai Yu , Yanjun Ma , Li Shen

Fine-tuning is the dominant paradigm for adapting pretrained large language models (LLMs) to downstream NLP tasks. In practice, fine-tuning datasets may contain various forms of noise arising from annotation errors, preprocessing artifacts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Lingfang Li , Procheta Sen

Stochastic gradient-based descent (SGD), have long been central to training large language models (LLMs). However, their effectiveness is increasingly being questioned, particularly in large-scale applications where empirical evidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Di Zhang , Yihang Zhang