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In this survey, we address the key challenges in Large Language Models (LLM) research, focusing on the importance of interpretability. Driven by increasing interest from AI and business sectors, we highlight the need for transparency in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Erik Cambria , Lorenzo Malandri , Fabio Mercorio , Navid Nobani , Andrea Seveso

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is critical for ensuring trust and accountability, yet its development remains predominantly visual. For blind and low-vision (BLV) users, the lack of accessible explanations creates a fundamental…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Abu Noman Md Sakib , Protik Dey , Zijie Zhang , Taslima Akter

Grasslands are known for their high biodiversity and ability to provide multiple ecosystem services. Challenges in automating the identification of indicator plants are key obstacles to large-scale grassland monitoring. These challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Shanghua Liu , Anna Hedström , Deepak Hanike Basavegowda , Cornelia Weltzien , Marina M. -C. Höhne

Understanding the decisions made and actions taken by increasingly complex AI system remains a key challenge. This has led to an expanding field of research in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), highlighting the potential of…

Explainable AI (XAI) seeks to transform black-box algorithmic processes into transparent ones, enhancing trust in AI applications across various sectors such as education. This review aims to examine the various definitions of XAI within…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Zaid M. Altukhi , Sojen Pradhan

As systems based on opaque Artificial Intelligence (AI) continue to flourish in diverse real-world applications, understanding these black box models has become paramount. In response, Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a field of research…

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly complex and ubiquitous, these systems will be responsible for making decisions that directly affect individuals and society as a whole. Such decisions will need to be justified due…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-21 Prashan Madumal , Ronal Singh , Joshua Newn , Frank Vetere

This study critically examines the commonly held assumption that explicability in artificial intelligence (AI) systems inherently boosts user trust. Utilizing a meta-analytical approach, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Zahra Atf , Peter R. Lewis

Explainability is becoming an important requirement for organizations that make use of automated decision-making due to regulatory initiatives and a shift in public awareness. Various and significantly different algorithmic methods to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Tom Vermeire , Thibault Laugel , Xavier Renard , David Martens , Marcin Detyniecki

Generative AI (GenAI) marked a shift from AI being able to recognize to AI being able to generate solutions for a wide variety of tasks. As the generated solutions and applications become increasingly more complex and multi-faceted, novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Johannes Schneider

As machine learning (ML) systems take a more prominent and central role in contributing to life-impacting decisions, ensuring their trustworthiness and accountability is of utmost importance. Explanations sit at the core of these desirable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Sahil Verma , Aditya Lahiri , John P. Dickerson , Su-In Lee

We argue that existing definitions of interpretability are not actionable in that they fail to inform users about general, sound, and robust interpretable model design. This makes current interpretability research fundamentally ill-posed.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Pietro Barbiero , Mateo Espinosa Zarlenga , Alberto Termine , Mateja Jamnik , Giuseppe Marra

The last decades have seen significant advancements in non-invasive neuroimaging technologies that have been increasingly adopted to examine human brain development. However, these improvements have not necessarily been followed by more…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-28 Mehrin Kiani , Javier Andreu-Perez , Hani Hagras , Silvia Rigato , Maria Laura Filippetti

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding and integrating more into daily life to automate tasks, guide decision making, and enhance efficiency. However, complex AI models, which make decisions without providing clear explanations…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Lakshit Arora , Sanjay Surendranath Girija , Shashank Kapoor , Aman Raj , Dipen Pradhan , Ankit Shetgaonkar

In explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) research, the predominant focus has been on interpreting models for experts and practitioners. Model agnostic and local explanation approaches are deemed interpretable and sufficient in many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Adarsa Sivaprasad , Ehud Reiter , Nava Tintarev , Nir Oren

Deep neural networks form the backbone of artificial intelligence research, with potential to transform the human experience in areas ranging from autonomous driving to personal assistants, healthcare to education. However, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Vinitra Swamy

The accelerated progress of artificial intelligence (AI) has popularized deep learning models across various domains, yet their inherent opacity poses challenges, particularly in critical fields like healthcare, medicine, and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Michail Mamalakis , Antonios Mamalakis , Ingrid Agartz , Lynn Egeland Mørch-Johnsen , Graham Murray , John Suckling , Pietro Lio

Deep learning has become the de facto standard and dominant paradigm in image analysis tasks, achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, this approach often results in "black-box" models, whose decision-making processes are difficult…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Nguyen Van Tu , Pham Nguyen Hai Long , Vo Hoai Viet

The impressive capabilities of deep learning models are often counterbalanced by their inherent opacity, commonly termed the "black box" problem, which impedes their widespread acceptance in high-trust domains. In response, the intersecting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Mitali Raj

Recent applications of autonomous agents and robots, such as self-driving cars, scenario-based trainers, exploration robots, and service robots have brought attention to crucial trust-related challenges associated with the current…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Fatai Sado , Chu Kiong Loo , Wei Shiung Liew , Matthias Kerzel , Stefan Wermter