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Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the risk of misusing them, raising the need for accurate detection of LLM-generated content. In response, a viable solution is to inject imperceptible identifiers into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Minjia Mao , Dongjun Wei , Zeyu Chen , Xiao Fang , Michael Chau

Recent advances of large language models in the field of Verilog generation have raised several ethical and security concerns, such as code copyright protection and dissemination of malicious code. Researchers have employed watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Kun Wang , Kaiyan Chang , Mengdi Wang , Xinqi Zou , Haobo Xu , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Watermarking has offered an effective approach to distinguishing text generated by large language models (LLMs) from human-written text. However, the pervasive presence of human edits on LLM-generated text dilutes watermark signals, thereby…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-28 Xiang Li , Feng Ruan , Huiyuan Wang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the outputs of large language models (LLMs). Most existing schemes require white-box access to the model's next-token probability distribution, which is typically not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

Recently, text watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to mitigate the potential harms of text generated by LLMs, including fake news and copyright issues. However, current watermark detection algorithms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shu'ang Li , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models (LMs). However, the robustness of the watermarking schemes has not been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

Watermark algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have achieved extremely high accuracy in detecting text generated by LLMs. Such algorithms typically involve adding extra watermark logits to the LLM's logits at each generation step.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shiao Meng , Lijie Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in code generation. It now becomes crucial to identify whether the code is AI-generated and to determine the specific model used, particularly for purposes such as protecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Batu Guan , Yao Wan , Zhangqian Bi , Zheng Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Invisible watermarking of AI-generated images can help with copyright protection, enabling detection and identification of AI-generated media. In this work, we present a novel approach to watermark images of T2I Latent Diffusion Models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Naresh Kumar Devulapally , Mingzhen Huang , Vishal Asnani , Shruti Agarwal , Siwei Lyu , Vishnu Suresh Lokhande

The advancements in audio generative models have opened up new challenges in their responsible disclosure and the detection of their misuse. In response, we introduce a method to watermark latent generative models by a specific watermarking…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Robin San Roman , Pierre Fernandez , Antoine Deleforge , Yossi Adi , Romain Serizel

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for tracing and authenticating text generated by large language models (LLMs). A common approach to LLM watermarking is to construct a green/red token list and assign higher or lower…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu , Yang Zhang , Shiyu Chang

We investigate the radioactivity of text generated by large language models (LLM), i.e. whether it is possible to detect that such synthetic input was used to train a subsequent LLM. Current methods like membership inference or active IP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Tom Sander , Pierre Fernandez , Alain Durmus , Matthijs Douze , Teddy Furon

Detecting text generated by large language models (LLMs) is crucial but challenging. Existing detectors depend on impractical assumptions, such as white-box settings, or solely rely on text-level features, leading to imprecise detection…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xuecong Li , Xiaohong Li , Qiang Hu , Yao Zhang , Junjie Wang

We propose an imperceptible multi-bit text watermark embedded by paraphrasing with LLMs. We fine-tune a pair of LLM paraphrasers that are designed to behave differently so that their paraphrasing difference reflected in the text semantics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xiaojun Xu , Jinghan Jia , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu , Hang Li

Misuse of LLM-generated text can be curbed by watermarking techniques that embed implicit signals into the output. We propose a watermark that partitions the vocabulary at each decoding step into three sets (Green/Yellow/Red) with fixed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zhiqing Hu , Chenxu Zhao , Jiazhong Lu , Xiaolei Liu

The integrity of peer review is fundamental to scientific progress, but the rise of large language models (LLMs) has introduced concerns that some reviewers may rely on these tools to generate reviews rather than writing them independently.…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Vishisht Rao , Aounon Kumar , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Nihar B. Shah

In this thesis, we develop algorithms with theoretical guarantees for ensuring reliability and accountability of Machine Learning (ML) systems. As ML systems evolve from predictive models to generative models and autonomous agents, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Carol Xuan Long

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, making watermarking a promising solution. Mainstream watermarking schemes for LLMs fall into two categories: logits-based and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yidan Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Binxing Fang

In recent years, LLM watermarking has emerged as an attractive safeguard against AI-generated content, with promising applications in many real-world domains. However, there are growing concerns that the current LLM watermarking schemes are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Shayleen Reynolds , Hengzhi He , Dung Daniel T. Ngo , Saheed Obitayo , Niccolò Dalmasso , Guang Cheng , Vamsi K. Potluru , Manuela Veloso

Copyright protection for large language models is of critical importance, given their substantial development costs, proprietary value, and potential for misuse. Existing surveys have predominantly focused on techniques for tracing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhenhua Xu , Xubin Yue , Zhebo Wang , Haobo Zhang , Qichen Liu , Xixiang Zhao , Jingxuan Zhang , Wenjun Zeng , Wengpeng Xing , Dezhang Kong , Changting Lin , Meng Han