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Node classification is a key task in temporal graph learning (TGL). Real-life temporal graphs often introduce new node classes over time, but existing TGL methods assume a fixed set of classes. This assumption brings limitations, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Hanmo Liu , Shimin Di , Haoyang Li , Xun Jian , Yue Wang , Lei Chen

Forecasting over Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs) which predicts future facts based on historical ones has received much attention. Recent studies have introduced Large Language Models (LLMs) for this task to enhance the models'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Long Bai , Zixuan Li , Xiaolong Jin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng , Tat-Seng Chua

Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs) store temporal facts with quadruple formats (s, p, o, t). Existing Temporal Knowledge Graph Embedding (TKGE) models perform link prediction tasks in transductive or semi-inductive settings, which means the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jiaxin Pan , Mojtaba Nayyeri , Osama Mohammed , Daniel Hernandez , Rongchuan Zhang , Cheng Cheng , Steffen Staab

Temporal Graph Learning, which aims to model the time-evolving nature of graphs, has gained increasing attention and achieved remarkable performance recently. However, in reality, graph structures are often incomplete and noisy, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Haozhen Zhang , Xueting Han , Xi Xiao , Jing Bai

Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) is an efficient method for describing the dynamic development of facts along a timeline. Most research on TKG reasoning (TKGR) focuses on modelling the repetition of global facts and designing patterns of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yuehang Si , Zefan Zeng , Jincai Huang , Qing Cheng

Recent advancements have witnessed the ascension of Large Language Models (LLMs), endowed with prodigious linguistic capabilities, albeit marred by shortcomings including factual inconsistencies and opacity. Conversely, Knowledge Graphs…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-29 DaiFeng Li , Fan Xu

Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering (TKGQA) aims to answer time-sensitive questions by leveraging factual information from Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs). While previous studies have employed pre-trained TKG embeddings or graph…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Xinying Qian , Ying Zhang , Yu Zhao , Baohang Zhou , Xuhui Sui , Xiaojie Yuan

Temporal knowledge graph reasoning (TKGR) aims to predict future events by inferring missing entities with dynamic knowledge structures. Existing LLM-based reasoning methods prioritize contextual over structural relations, struggling to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Shiqi Fan , Quanming Yao , Hongyi Nie , Wentao Ma , Zhen Wang , Wen Hua

Forecasting on geopolitical temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) through the lens of large language models (LLMs) has recently gained traction. While TKGs and their generalization, hyper-relational temporal knowledge graphs (HTKGs), offer a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Kian Ahrabian , Eric Boxer , Jay Pujara

While Large Language Models (LLMs) dominate tasks like natural language processing and computer vision, harnessing their power for spatial-temporal forecasting remains challenging. The disparity between sequential text and complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Lei Liu , Shuo Yu , Runze Wang , Zhenxun Ma , Yanming Shen

Reasoning over Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs) aims to predict future facts based on given history. One of the key challenges for prediction is to learn the evolution of facts. Most existing works focus on exploring evolutionary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Yuwei Xia , Mengqi Zhang , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Xiao-Yu Zhang

Temporal Knowledge graph completion (TKGC) is a crucial task that involves reasoning at known timestamps to complete the missing part of facts and has attracted more and more attention in recent years. Most existing methods focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Wenjie Xu , Ben Liu , Miao Peng , Xu Jia , Min Peng

Pre-trained large language models (PLLMs) like OpenAI ChatGPT and Google Gemini face challenges such as inaccurate factual recall, hallucinations, biases, and future data leakage for temporal Knowledge Graph (tKG) forecasting. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Geethan Sannidhi , Sagar Srinivas Sakhinana , Venkataramana Runkana

Temporal knowledge graph completion (TKGC) has become a popular approach for reasoning over the event and temporal knowledge graphs, targeting the completion of knowledge with accurate but missing information. In this context, tensor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Ioannis Dikeoulias , Saadullah Amin , Günter Neumann

A graph is a fundamental data model to represent various entities and their complex relationships in society and nature, such as social networks, transportation networks, and financial networks. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Wenbo Shang , Xin Huang

Compared with static knowledge graphs, temporal knowledge graphs (tKG), which can capture the evolution and change of information over time, are more realistic and general. However, due to the complexity that the notion of time introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Siheng Xiong , Yuan Yang , Faramarz Fekri , James Clayton Kerce

Integrating structured knowledge from Knowledge Graphs (KGs) into Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a key challenge for symbolic reasoning. Existing methods mainly rely on prompt engineering or fine-tuning, which lose structural fidelity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Erica Coppolillo

Temporal knowledge graph reasoning (TKGR) is increasingly gaining attention for its ability to extrapolate new events from historical data, thereby enriching the inherently incomplete temporal knowledge graphs. Existing graph-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Jinze Sun , Yongpan Sheng , Lirong He , Yongbin Qin , Ming Liu , Tao Jia

A Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) is a sequence of KGs with respective timestamps, which adopts quadruples in the form of (\emph{subject}, \emph{relation}, \emph{object}, \emph{timestamp}) to describe dynamic facts. TKG reasoning has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Zixuan Li , Zhongni Hou , Saiping Guan , Xiaolong Jin , Weihua Peng , Long Bai , Yajuan Lyu , Wei Li , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention for their superior performance in many knowledge-driven applications on the world wide web.These models are designed to train hundreds of millions or more parameters on large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Bingchen Liu , Yuanyuan Fang , Naixing Xu , Shihao Hou , Xin Li , Qian Li