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The entry of large language models (LLMs) into research and commercial spaces has led to a trend of ever-larger models, with initial promises of generalisability, followed by a widespread desire to downsize and create specialised models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Niall Taylor , Upamanyu Ghose , Omid Rohanian , Mohammadmahdi Nouriborji , Andrey Kormilitzin , David Clifton , Alejo Nevado-Holgado

Large language models (LLMs) encode extensive world knowledge through pre-training on massive datasets, which can then be fine-tuned for the question-answering (QA) task. However, effective strategies for fine-tuning LLMs for the QA task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Junjie Ye , Yuming Yang , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang , Peng Wang , Zhongchao Shi , Jianping Fan

Large language models (LLMs) primarily rely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) as a key method to adapt pre-trained models to domain-specific tasks such as mathematical reasoning. However, standard SFT uniformly penalizes all tokens,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zhiwen Ruan , Yixia Li , He Zhu , Yun Chen , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Guanhua Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically fine-tuned for reasoning tasks through a two-stage pipeline of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL), a process fraught with catastrophic forgetting and suboptimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Lixuan He , Jie Feng , Yong Li

Existing LLMs-post-training techniques are broadly categorized into supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT). Each paradigm presents a distinct trade-off: (1) SFT excels at mimicking demonstration data, but can lead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zeyu Huang , Tianhao Cheng , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Yinghui Xu , Edoardo M. Ponti , Ivan Titov

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a common method for integrating external knowledge into pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance accuracy and relevancy in question answering (QA) tasks. However, prompt engineering and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Isaac Chung , Phat Vo , Arman C. Kizilkale , Aaron Reite

Despite their success in many natural language tasks, solving math problems remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs). A large gap exists between LLMs' pass-at-one and pass-at-N performance in solving math problems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Yixin Liu , Avi Singh , C. Daniel Freeman , John D. Co-Reyes , Peter J. Liu

Pretraining Large Language Models (LLMs) on large corpora of textual data is now a standard paradigm. When using these LLMs for many downstream applications, it is common to additionally bake in new knowledge (e.g., time-critical news, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Tianjun Zhang , Shishir G. Patil , Naman Jain , Sheng Shen , Matei Zaharia , Ion Stoica , Joseph E. Gonzalez

The alignment of large language models (LLMs) is crucial not only for unlocking their potential in specific tasks but also for ensuring that responses meet human expectations and adhere to safety and ethical principles. Current alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ruijun Chen , Jiehao Liang , Shiping Gao , Fanqi Wan , Xiaojun Quan

Scaling test-time compute has emerged as a powerful mechanism for enhancing Large Language Model (LLM) performance. However, standard post-training paradigms, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), optimize the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Adam Ousherovitch , Ambuj Tewari

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is crucial for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human instructions. The primary goal during SFT is to select a small yet representative subset of training data from the larger pool, such that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Tingyu Xia , Bowen Yu , Kai Dang , An Yang , Yuan Wu , Yuan Tian , Yi Chang , Junyang Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) with reasoning capabilities have achieved state-of-the-art performance on a wide range of tasks. Despite its empirical success, the tasks and model scales at which reasoning becomes effective, as well as its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Nicolas Boizard , Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef , Kevin El-Haddad , Céline Hudelot , Pierre Colombo

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute during inference. We conduct a structured survey of TTS methods and categorize them into sampling-based,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Ho-Lam Chung , Teng-Yun Hsiao , Hsiao-Ying Huang , Chunerh Cho , Jian-Ren Lin , Zhang Ziwei , Yun-Nung Chen

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) adapts large pre-trained models by updating only a small subset of parameters. Recently, Representation Fine-Tuning (ReFT) has emerged as an effective alternative. ReFT shifts the fine-tuning paradigm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Fatema Siddika , Md Anwar Hossen , J. Pablo Muñoz , Tanya Roosta , Anuj Sharma , Ali Jannesari

Standard fine-tuning of large pre-trained language models (PLMs) for downstream tasks requires updating hundreds of millions to billions of parameters, and storing a large copy of the PLM weights for every task resulting in increased cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Yaqing Wang , Sahaj Agarwal , Subhabrata Mukherjee , Xiaodong Liu , Jing Gao , Ahmed Hassan Awadallah , Jianfeng Gao

Standard fine-tuning of large pre-trained language models (PLMs) for downstream tasks requires updating hundreds of millions to billions of parameters, and storing a large copy of the PLM weights for every task resulting in increased cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Yaqing Wang , Sahaj Agarwal , Subhabrata Mukherjee , Xiaodong Liu , Jing Gao , Ahmed Hassan Awadallah , Jianfeng Gao

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) adapts a trained model to specific downstream tasks, significantly improving task-specific performance. Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) is a common approach, where an LLM is trained to produce desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Qianxi Li , Yingyue Cao , Jikun Kang , Tianpei Yang , Xi Chen , Jun Jin , Matthew E. Taylor

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) for domain applications in fields such as materials science and engineering depends on the development of fine-tuning strategies that adapt models for specialized, technical capabilities. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Wei Lu , Rachel K. Luu , Markus J. Buehler

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) has emerged as one of the most effective ways to improve the performance of large language models (LLMs) in downstream tasks. However, SFT can have difficulty generalizing when the underlying data distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Mrinal Rawat , Arkajyoti Chakraborty , Neha Gupta , Roberto Pieraccini

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various tasks but face deployment challenges due to their massive computational demands. While post-training pruning methods like SparseGPT and Wanda can effectively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Qiao Xiao , Alan Ansell , Boqian Wu , Lu Yin , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Shiwei Liu , Decebal Constantin Mocanu