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It can largely benefit the reinforcement learning (RL) process of each agent if multiple geographically distributed agents perform their separate RL tasks cooperatively. Different from multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Kaiyue Wu , Xiao-Jun Zeng

The necessity for cooperation among intelligent machines has popularised cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in AI research. However, many research endeavours heavily rely on parameter sharing among agents, which confines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Yifan Zhong , Jakub Grudzien Kuba , Xidong Feng , Siyi Hu , Jiaming Ji , Yaodong Yang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is a widely used Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique. However, current studies and applications need to address its scalability, non-stationarity, and trustworthiness. This paper aims to review…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ziyuan Zhou , Guanjun Liu , Ying Tang

Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) necessitates seamless collaboration among agents, often represented by an underlying relation graph. Existing methods for learning this graph primarily focus on agent-pair relations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Wei Duan , Jie Lu , Junyu Xuan

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides an efficient way for simultaneously learning policies for multiple agents interacting with each other. However, in scenarios requiring complex interactions, existing algorithms can suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Xiaobai Ma , David Isele , Jayesh K. Gupta , Kikuo Fujimura , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning paradigm concerned with learning to control a system so as to maximize an objective over the long term. This approach to learning has received immense interest in recent times and success manifests…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Sanyam Kapoor

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a growing research area which gained significant traction in recent years, extending Deep RL applications to a much wider range of problems. A particularly challenging class of problems in this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Charles Dansereau , Junior-Samuel Lopez-Yepez , Karthik Soma , Antoine Fagette

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) approaches have emerged as popular solutions to address the general challenges of cooperation in multi-agent environments, where the success of achieving shared or individual goals critically…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Reza Azadeh

To achieve general intelligence, agents must learn how to interact with others in a shared environment: this is the challenge of multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). The simplest form is independent reinforcement learning (InRL), where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Marc Lanctot , Vinicius Zambaldi , Audrunas Gruslys , Angeliki Lazaridou , Karl Tuyls , Julien Perolat , David Silver , Thore Graepel

We introduce Heterogeneous Agent Collaborative Reinforcement Learning (HACRL), a new Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Reward (RLVR) problem that addresses the inefficiencies of isolated multi-agent on-policy optimization. HACRL…

From a young age humans learn to use grammatical principles to hierarchically combine words into sentences. Action grammars is the parallel idea, that there is an underlying set of rules (a "grammar") that govern how we hierarchically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Petros Christodoulou , Robert Tjarko Lange , Ali Shafti , A. Aldo Faisal

Reinforcement learning is a powerful technique to train an agent to perform a task. However, an agent that is trained using reinforcement learning is only capable of achieving the single task that is specified via its reward function. Such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Carlos Florensa , David Held , Xinyang Geng , Pieter Abbeel

Tremendous advances have been made in multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). MARL corresponds to the learning problem in a multiagent system in which multiple agents learn simultaneously. It is an interdisciplinary field of study with a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yaodong Yang , Chengdong Ma , Zihan Ding , Stephen McAleer , Chi Jin , Jun Wang , Tuomas Sandholm

There is a growing interest in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) as the first steps towards building general intelligent agents that learn to make low and high-level decisions in non-stationary complex environments in the presence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Marco Jerome Gasparrini , Ricard Solé , Martí Sánchez-Fibla

We consider the problem of robust multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cooperative communication and coordination tasks. MARL agents, mainly those trained in a centralized way, can be brittle because they can adopt policies that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-12-16 T. van der Heiden , C. Salge , E. Gavves , H. van Hoof

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a crucial method for training or fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), enabling adaptive, task-specific optimizations through interactive feedback. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Junwei Su , Chuan Wu

Deep Reinforcement Learning has made significant progress in multi-agent systems in recent years. In this review article, we have focused on presenting recent approaches on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Afshin OroojlooyJadid , Davood Hajinezhad

Multi-agent reinforcement learning is a standard framework for modeling multi-agent interactions applied in real-world scenarios. Inspired by experience sharing in human groups, learning knowledge parallel reusing between agents can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Yongyuan Liang , Bangwei Li

Many scenarios in mobility and traffic involve multiple different agents that need to cooperate to find a joint solution. Recent advances in behavioral planning use Reinforcement Learning to find effective and performant behavior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Lukas M. Schmidt , Johanna Brosig , Axel Plinge , Bjoern M. Eskofier , Christopher Mutschler

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), the integration of a communication mechanism, allowing agents to better learn to coordinate their actions and converge on their objectives by sharing information. Based on an interaction graph,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Valentin Cuzin-Rambaud , Laetitia Matignon , Maxime Morge
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