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Transformer-based models have emerged as a leading architecture for natural language processing, natural language generation, and image generation tasks. A fundamental element of the transformer architecture is self-attention, which allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Venmugil Elango

We present an approximate attention mechanism named HyperAttention to address the computational challenges posed by the growing complexity of long contexts used in Large Language Models (LLMs). Recent work suggests that in the worst-case…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Insu Han , Rajesh Jayaram , Amin Karbasi , Vahab Mirrokni , David P. Woodruff , Amir Zandieh

Distributed inference of large language models (LLMs) using tensor parallelism can introduce communication overheads of $20$% even over GPUs connected via NVLink, a high-speed GPU interconnect. Several techniques have been proposed to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Raja Gond , Nipun Kwatra , Ramachandran Ramjee

Large language models (LLMs) excel in most NLP tasks but also require expensive cloud servers for deployment due to their size, while smaller models that can be deployed on lower cost (e.g., edge) devices, tend to lag behind in terms of…

Transformer based Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely used in many fields, and the efficiency of LLM inference becomes hot topic in real applications. However, LLMs are usually complicatedly designed in model structure with…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Hui Wu , Yi Gan , Feng Yuan , Jing Ma , Wei Zhu , Yutao Xu , Hong Zhu , Yuhua Zhu , Xiaoli Liu , Jinghui Gu , Peng Zhao

While Transformer self-attention offers strong parallelism, the Key-Value (KV) cache grows linearly with sequence length and becomes a bottleneck for inference efficiency. Multi-head latent attention was recently developed to compress the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Keqi Deng , Philip C. Woodland

Nowadays, many companies possess various types of AI accelerators, forming heterogeneous clusters. Efficiently leveraging these clusters for high-throughput large language model (LLM) inference services can significantly reduce costs and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yi Xiong , Jinqi Huang , Wenjie Huang , Xuebing Yu , Entong Li , Zhixiong Ning , Jinhua Zhou , Li Zeng , Xin Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly capable at small parameter scales. At the same time, conventional cloud-centric deployment introduces challenges around data privacy, latency, and cost that are acute in operational…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Harri Renney , Fouad Trad , Michael Mattarock , Zena Wood

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

Large Language Model (LLM) serving faces a fundamental tension between stringent latency Service Level Objectives (SLOs) and limited GPU memory capacity. When high request rates exhaust the KV cache budget, existing LLM inference systems…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Jiahuan Yu , Mingtao Hu , Zichao Lin , Minjia Zhang

This review report discusses the cold start latency in serverless inference and existing solutions. It particularly reviews the ServerlessLLM method, a system designed to address the cold start problem in serverless inference for large…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Himel Ghosh

We present Lightning Attention, the first linear attention implementation that maintains a constant training speed for various sequence lengths under fixed memory consumption. Due to the issue with cumulative summation operations (cumsum),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zhen Qin , Weigao Sun , Dong Li , Xuyang Shen , Weixuan Sun , Yiran Zhong

The rising demand for Large Language Model (LLM) inference services has intensified pressure on computational resources, resulting in latency and cost challenges. This paper introduces a novel routing algorithm based on the Non-dominated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Shibo Yu , Mohammad Goudarzi , Adel Nadjaran Toosi

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive capabilities but incur substantial inference latency and cost, which hinders their deployment in latency-sensitive and resource-constrained scenarios. Cloud-edge-device collaborative inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoyu Qiao , Hao Zhang , Shanwen Mao , Siyao Cheng , Jie Liu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) scale to support context windows exceeding one million tokens, the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache imposes severe memory capacity and bandwidth bottlenecks, constraining the efficiency of long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Zhirui Chen , Peiyang Liu , Ling Shao

This document presents a vision for a novel AI infrastructure design that has been initially validated through inference simulations on state-of-the-art large language models. Advancements in deep learning and specialized hardware have…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Jiamin Li , Lei Qu , Tao Zhang , Grigory Chirkov , Shuotao Xu , Peng Cheng , Lidong Zhou

As large language models (LLMs) and visual language models (VLMs) grow in scale and application, attention mechanisms have become a central computational bottleneck due to their high memory and time complexity. While many efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zhengyu Tian , Anantha Padmanaban Krishna Kumar , Hemant Krishnakumar , Reza Rawassizadeh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in both textual and multimodal domains. However, this success often comes with substantial computational costs, particularly when handling lengthy sequences of multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Mustafa Shukor , Matthieu Cord

System-level routers that intercept LLM requests for safety classification, domain routing, and PII detection must be both fast and operationally lightweight: they should add minimal latency to every request, yet not require a dedicated GPU…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Xunzhuo Liu , Bowei He , Xue Liu , Andy Luo , Haichen Zhang , Huamin Chen

Recent advances with large language models (LLM) illustrate their diverse capabilities. We propose a novel algorithm, staged speculative decoding, to accelerate LLM inference in small-batch, on-device scenarios. We address the low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Benjamin Spector , Chris Re