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Smartphone agents are increasingly important for helping users control devices efficiently, with (Multimodal) Large Language Model (MLLM)-based approaches emerging as key contenders. Fairly comparing these agents is essential but…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant progress in mobile agent development, yet their capabilities are predominantly confined to a reactive paradigm, where they merely execute explicit user commands. The emerging…

Autonomous agent frameworks still struggle to reconcile long-term experiential learning with real-time, context-sensitive decision-making. In practice, this gap appears as static cognition, rigid workflow dependence, and inefficient context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Xiaoxing Wang , Ning Liao , Shikun Wei , Chen Tang , Feiyu Xiong

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have the potential to significantly enhance human productivity by reasoning, using tools, and executing complex tasks in diverse environments. However, current approaches to…

Mobile Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents aim to autonomously complete tasks within or across apps based on user instructions. While recent Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) enable these agents to interpret UI screens and perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Linqiang Guo , Wei Liu , Yi Wen Heng , Tse-Hsun , Chen , Yang Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) based multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown promise in tackling complex tasks, but often rely on predefined roles and centralized coordination, limiting their adaptability to evolving challenges. This paper…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Siyuan Lu , Jiaqi Shao , Bing Luo , Tao Lin

The exponential rise in mobile device usage necessitates streamlined automation for effective task management, yet many AI frameworks fall short due to inadequate operational expertise. While manually written knowledge can bridge this gap,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Junyang Wang , Haiyang Xu , Xi Zhang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Jitao Sang

The exponential rise in mobile device usage necessitates streamlined automation for effective task management, yet many AI frameworks fall short due to inadequate operational expertise. While manually written knowledge can bridge this gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Junyang Wang , Haiyang Xu , Xi Zhang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Jitao Sang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed to automate complex workflows in mobile and desktop environments. However, current model-centric agent architectures struggle to self-evolve post-deployment: improving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Zibin Liu , Cheng Zhang , Xi Zhao , Yunfei Feng , Bingyu Bai , Dahu Feng , Erhu Feng , Yubin Xia , Haibo Chen

Large language model (LLM)-based mobile agents are increasingly popular due to their capability to interact directly with mobile phone Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs) and their potential to autonomously manage daily tasks. Despite their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Luyuan Wang , Yongyu Deng , Yiwei Zha , Guodong Mao , Qinmin Wang , Tianchen Min , Wei Chen , Shoufa Chen

Vision-language model-based mobile agents have gained the ability to understand complex instructions and mobile screenshots, benefiting from reinforcement learning paradigms like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jihao Gu , Qihang Ai , Yingyao Wang , Pi Bu , Jingxuan Xing , Zekun Zhu , Wei Jiang , Ziming Wang , Yingxiu Zhao , Ming-Liang Zhang , Jun Song , Yuning Jiang , Bo Zheng

Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse domains, yet significant challenges persist when deploying them as AI agents for real-world long-horizon tasks. Existing LLM agents suffer from a critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Cheng Yang , Xuemeng Yang , Licheng Wen , Daocheng Fu , Jianbiao Mei , Rong Wu , Pinlong Cai , Yufan Shen , Nianchen Deng , Botian Shi , Yu Qiao , Haifeng Li

Autonomous Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents often struggle with multi-step tasks due to constrained context windows and static policies that fail to adapt to dynamic environments. To address these limitations, this work proposes the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shilong Jin , Lanjun Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang

Existing mobile device control agents often perform poorly when solving complex tasks requiring long-horizon planning and precise operations, typically due to a lack of relevant task experience or unfamiliarity with skill execution. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhe Wu , Donglin Mo , Hongjin Lu , Junliang Xing , Jianheng Liu , Yuheng Jing , Kai Li , Kun Shao , Jianye Hao , Yuanchun Shi

Among existing online mobile-use benchmarks, AndroidWorld has emerged as the dominant benchmark due to its reproducible environment and deterministic evaluation; however, recent agents achieving over 90% success rates indicate its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Quyu Kong , Xu Zhang , Zhenyu Yang , Nolan Gao , Chen Liu , Panrong Tong , Chenglin Cai , Hanzhang Zhou , Jianan Zhang , Liangyu Chen , Zhidan Liu , Steven Hoi , Yue Wang

With the advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLM), LLM-driven visual agents are increasingly impacting software interfaces, particularly those with graphical user interfaces. This work introduces a novel LLM-based multimodal…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Yanda Li , Chi Zhang , Wenjia Jiang , Wanqi Yang , Bin Fu , Pei Cheng , Xin Chen , Ling Chen , Yunchao Wei

The recent advancement of autonomous agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) has demonstrated significant potential for automating tasks on mobile devices through graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Despite initial progress, these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yi Kong , Dianxi Shi , Guoli Yang , Zhang ke-di , Chenlin Huang , Xiaopeng Li , Songchang Jin

With the remarkable advancements of large language models (LLMs), LLM-based agents have become a research hotspot in human-computer interaction. However, there is a scarcity of benchmarks available for LLM-based mobile agents. Benchmarking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Shihan Deng , Weikai Xu , Hongda Sun , Wei Liu , Tao Tan , Jianfeng Liu , Ang Li , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Rui Yan , Shuo Shang

Large Language Model (LLM) Agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in task automation and intelligent decision-making, driving the widespread adoption of agent development frameworks such as LangChain and AutoGen. However, these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jiabin Tang , Tianyu Fan , Chao Huang

Current AI agent frameworks commit early to a single interaction protocol, a fixed tool integration strategy, and static user models, limiting their deployment across diverse interaction paradigms. To address these constraints, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Alfred Shen , Aaron Shen