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Biometric systems, such as face recognition systems powered by deep neural networks (DNNs), rely on large and highly sensitive datasets. Backdoor attacks can subvert these systems by manipulating the training process. By inserting a small…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Farah Wahida , M. A. P. Chamikara , Yashothara Shanmugarasa , Mohan Baruwal Chhetri , Thilina Ranbaduge , Ibrahim Khalil

The risk of hardware Trojans being inserted at various stages of chip production has increased in a zero-trust fabless era. To counter this, various machine learning solutions have been developed for the detection of hardware Trojans. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Rahul Vishwakarma , Amin Rezaei

Poisoning of data sets is a potential security threat to large language models that can lead to backdoored models. A description of the internal mechanisms of backdoored language models and how they process trigger inputs, e.g., when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Max Lamparth , Anka Reuel

Backdoor attacks pose a critical threat by embedding hidden triggers into inputs, causing models to misclassify them into target labels. While extensive research has focused on mitigating these attacks in object recognition models through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Kyle Stein , Andrew Arash Mahyari , Guillermo Francia , Eman El-Sheikh

Machine learning backdoors have the property that the machine learning model should work as expected on normal inputs, but when the input contains a specific $\textit{trigger}$, it behaves as the attacker desires. Detecting such triggers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Eirik Høyheim , Magnus Wiik Eckhoff , Gudmund Grov , Robert Flood , David Aspinall

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to a range of adversaries. A particularly pernicious class of vulnerabilities are backdoors, where model predictions diverge in the presence of subtle triggers in inputs. An attacker can implant a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Goutham Ramakrishnan , Aws Albarghouthi

Insertion of hardware Trojans (HTs) in integrated circuits is a pernicious threat. Since HTs are activated under rare trigger conditions, detecting them using random logic simulations is infeasible. In this work, we design a reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Vasudev Gohil , Satwik Patnaik , Hao Guo , Dileep Kalathil , Jeyavijayan , Rajendran

It has been proved that deep neural networks are facing a new threat called backdoor attacks, where the adversary can inject backdoors into the neural network model through poisoning the training dataset. When the input containing some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Chuanshuai Chen , Jiazhu Dai

With the rapid growth of research in trojaning deep neural models of source code, we observe that there is a need of developing a benchmark trojaned models for testing various trojan detection and unlearning techniques. In this work, we aim…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Aftab Hussain , Md Rafiqul Islam Rabin , Mohammad Amin Alipour

Deep neural networks have demonstrated remarkable success across numerous tasks, yet they remain vulnerable to Trojan (backdoor) attacks, raising serious concerns about their safety in real-world mission-critical applications. A common…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Hossein Mirzaei , Zeinab Taghavi , Sepehr Rezaee , Masoud Hadi , Moein Madadi , Mackenzie W. Mathis

Safety backdoor attacks in large language models (LLMs) enable the stealthy triggering of unsafe behaviors while evading detection during normal interactions. The high dimensionality of potential triggers in the token space and the diverse…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Yi Zeng , Weiyu Sun , Tran Ngoc Huynh , Dawn Song , Bo Li , Ruoxi Jia

Logic locking has been proposed to safeguard intellectual property (IP) during chip fabrication. Logic locking techniques protect hardware IP by making a subset of combinational modules in a design dependent on a secret key that is withheld…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Hongye Xu , Dongfang Liu , Cory Merkel , Michael Zuzak

In recent years, the neural network backdoor hidden in the parameters of the federated learning model has been proved to have great security risks. Considering the characteristics of trigger generation, data poisoning and model training in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Rong Wang , Guichen Zhou , Mingjun Gao , Yunpeng Xiao

An image encoder pre-trained by self-supervised learning can be used as a general-purpose feature extractor to build downstream classifiers for various downstream tasks. However, many studies showed that an attacker can embed a trojan into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Yupei Liu , Yanting Wang , Jinyuan Jia

The pre-training of large language models (LLMs) relies on massive text datasets sourced from diverse and difficult-to-curate origins. Although membership inference attacks and hidden canaries have been explored to trace data usage, such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Wassim Bouaziz , Mathurin Videau , Nicolas Usunier , El-Mahdi El-Mhamdi

The rise of conversational interfaces has greatly enhanced LLM usability by leveraging dialogue history for sophisticated reasoning. However, this reliance introduces an unexplored attack surface. This paper introduces Trojan Horse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Wei Duan , Li Qian

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been widely used in many areas such as autonomous driving and face recognition. However, DNN model is fragile to backdoor attack. A backdoor in the DNN model can be activated by a poisoned input with trigger…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Qi Zhou , Zipeng Ye , Yubo Tang , Wenjian Luo , Yuhui Shi , Yan Jia

This work corroborates a run-time Trojan detection method exploiting STRong Intentional Perturbation of inputs, is a multi-domain Trojan detection defence across Vision, Text and Audio domains---thus termed as STRIP-ViTA. Specifically,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Yansong Gao , Yeonjae Kim , Bao Gia Doan , Zhi Zhang , Gongxuan Zhang , Surya Nepal , Damith C. Ranasinghe , Hyoungshick Kim

Large Language Models face security threats from jailbreak attacks. Existing research has predominantly focused on prompt-level attacks while largely ignoring the underexplored attack surface of user-controlled response prefilling. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Yakai Li , Jiekang Hu , Weiduan Sang , Luping Ma , Dongsheng Nie , Weijuan Zhang , Aimin Yu , Yi Su , Qingjia Huang , Qihang Zhou