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In this note let us give two remarks on proof-theory of PA. First a derivability relation is introduced to bound witnesses for provable $\Sigma_{1}$-formulas in PA. Second Paris-Harrington's proof for their independence result is…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Toshiyasu Arai

One of the elegant achievements in the history of proof theory is the characterization of the provably total recursive functions of an arithmetical theory by its proof-theoretic ordinal as a way to measure the time complexity of the…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-11-27 Amirhossein Akbar Tabatabai

It is well-known that natural axiomatic theories are pre-well-ordered by logical strength, according to various characterizations of logical strength such as consistency strength and inclusion of $\Pi^0_1$ theorems. Though these notions of…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-09-22 James Walsh

Two types of explanations have been receiving increased attention in the literature when analyzing the decisions made by classifiers. The first type explains why a decision was made and is known as a sufficient reason for the decision, also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Chunxi Ji , Adnan Darwiche

In this paper we analyze the oscillation of functions having derivatives in the H\"older or Zygmund class in terms of generalized differences and prove that its growth is governed by a version of the classical Kolmogorov's Law of the…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2023-10-25 Alejandro J. Castro , José G. Llorente , Artur Nicolau

We give a Herglotz-type representation of an arbitrary generalized spectral measure. As an application, a new proof of the classical Naimark's dilation theorem is given. The same approach is used to describe the spectrum of all unitary…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2009-10-22 Mishko Mitkovski

We show that no total functional can uniformly transform $\Pi_1$ primality into explicit $\Sigma_1$ witnesses without violating normalization in $\mathsf{HA}$. The argument proceeds through three complementary translations: a geometric…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-01-09 Milan Rosko

Assuming projective determinacy, we extend Spector's strong version of the Spector-Gandy Theorem to all odd levels of the projective hierarchy: Theorem. For every space $X$ which is a finite product of the natural numbers $N$ and Baire…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-02-09 Joan R. Moschovakis , Yiannis N. Moschovakis

We consider recollements of derived categories of dg-algebras induced by self orthogonal compact objects obtaining a generalization of Rickard's Theorem. Specializing to the case of partial tilting modules over a ring, we extend the results…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2013-01-08 Silvana Bazzoni , Alice Pavarin

A formal description of a functional analysis approach to the Riemann zeta-functional equation that provides in principle an infinity of different proofs based on work by the author on the existence of dilation-invariant unitary operators…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Luis Baez-Duarte

Ordinal regression with anchored reference samples (ORARS) has been proposed for predicting the subjective Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of input stimuli automatically. The ORARS addresses the MOS prediction problem by pairing a test sample with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Bin Su , Shaoguang Mao , Frank Soong , Zhiyong Wu

We introduce the notion of generalized bialgebra, which includes the classical notion of bialgebra (Hopf algebra) and many others. We prove that, under some mild conditions, a connected generalized bialgebra is completely determined by its…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2008-12-16 Jean-Louis Loday

In this note we give a simplified ordinal analysis of first-order reflection. An ordinal notation system $OT$ is introduced based on $\psi$-functions. Provable $\Sigma_{1}$-sentences on $L_{\omega_{1}^{CK}}$ are bounded through…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-07-01 Toshiyasu Arai

Regular and higher regular graded algebras (in simplest case satisfying Von Neumann regularity $\Theta_{1}\Theta_{2}\Theta_{1}=\Theta_{1}$ instead of anticommutativity) are introduced and their properties are studied. They are described in…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Steven Duplij , Wladyslaw Marcinek

Taylor's theorem (and its variants) is widely used in several areas of mathematical analysis, including numerical analysis, functional analysis, and partial differential equations. This article explains how Taylor's theorem in its most…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-11-04 Christopher Thron

We first extend the Peierls algebra of gauge invariant functions from the space ${\cal S}$ of classical solutions to the space ${\cal H}$ of histories used in path integration and some studies of decoherence. We then show that it may be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-11-01 Donald Marolf

We motivate and study an infinite sequence of binary operations on the ordinal numbers, extending the standard arithmetic on the ordinals to higher degrees of iteration. Connections to the hyperoperations on the natural numbers are…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Adrian Ducourtial

We define the notion of a multi-sorted algebraic theory, which is a generalization of an algebraic theory in which the objects are of different "sorts." We prove a rigidification result for simplicial algebras over these theories, showing…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2009-05-26 Julia E Bergner

We use automated theorem provers to significantly shorten a formal development in higher order set theory. The development includes many standard theorems such as the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and irrationality of square root of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Chad E. Brown , Cezary Kaliszyk , Martin Suda , Josef Urban

In this paper we give an overview of an essential part of a Pi^0_1 ordinal analysis of Peano Arithmetic (PA) as presented by Beklemishev. This analysis is mainly performed within the polymodal provability logic GLP. We reflect on ways of…

Logic · Mathematics 2012-12-12 J. J. Joosten