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The paradigm of using Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) as evaluative judges has emerged as an effective approach in RLHF and inference-time scaling. In this work, we propose Multimodal Reasoner as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Renjie Pi , Felix Bai , Qibin Chen , Simon Wang , Jiulong Shan , Kieran Liu , Meng Cao

The traditional data annotation process is often labor-intensive, time-consuming, and susceptible to human bias, which complicates the management of increasingly complex datasets. This study explores the potential of large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Jianfei Wu , Xubin Wang , Weijia Jia

State-of-the-art supervised NLP models achieve high accuracy but are also susceptible to failures on inputs from low-data regimes, such as domains that are not represented in training data. As an approximation to collecting ground-truth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Parikshit Bansal , Amit Sharma

Despite the utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks and scenarios, developing a method for reliably evaluating LLMs across varied contexts continues to be challenging. Modern evaluation approaches often use LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Steffi Chern , Ethan Chern , Graham Neubig , Pengfei Liu

Although the annotation paradigm based on Large Language Models (LLMs) has made significant breakthroughs in recent years, its actual deployment still has two core bottlenecks: first, the cost of calling commercial APIs in large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yao Lu , Zhaiyuan Ji , Jiawei Du , Yu Shanqing , Qi Xuan , Tianyi Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4o can help automate text classification tasks at low cost and scale. However, there are major concerns about the validity and reliability of LLM outputs. By contrast, human coding is generally more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Conrad Borchers , Danielle R. Thomas , Jionghao Lin , Ralph Abboud , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Large language models (LLMs) are predominantly used as evaluators for natural language generation (NLG) tasks, but their application to broader evaluation scenarios remains limited. In this work, we explore the potential of LLMs as general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jie Meng , Jin Mao

The ability to rigorously estimate the failure rates of large language models (LLMs) is a prerequisite for their safe deployment. Currently, however, practitioners often face a tradeoff between expensive human gold standards and potentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Minghe Shen , Ananth Balashankar , Adam Fisch , David Madras , Miguel Rodrigues

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive zero shot performance on a wide range of NLP tasks, demonstrating the ability to reason and apply commonsense. A relevant application is to use them for creating high quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Vinay Samuel , Houda Aynaou , Arijit Ghosh Chowdhury , Karthik Venkat Ramanan , Aman Chadha

Large Language Models (LLMs) have ushered in a new era of text annotation, as their ease-of-use, high accuracy, and relatively low costs have meant that their use has exploded in recent months. However, the rapid growth of the field has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Petter Törnberg

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated annotators to scale dataset creation, yet their reliability as unbiased annotators--especially for low-resource and identity-sensitive settings--remains poorly understood. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Md. Najib Hasan , Touseef Hasan , Souvika Sarkar

Data annotation and synthesis generally refers to the labeling or generating of raw data with relevant information, which could be used for improving the efficacy of machine learning models. The process, however, is labor-intensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Zhen Tan , Dawei Li , Song Wang , Alimohammad Beigi , Bohan Jiang , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Mansooreh Karami , Jundong Li , Lu Cheng , Huan Liu

This study investigates the efficacy of large language models (LLMs) as tools for grading master-level student essays. Utilizing a sample of 60 essays in political science, the study compares the accuracy of grades suggested by the GPT-4…

General Economics · Economics 2024-06-25 Magnus Lundgren

Recent studies have found that summaries generated by large language models (LLMs) are favored by human annotators over the original reference summaries in commonly used summarization datasets. Therefore, we study an LLM-as-reference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Yixin Liu , Kejian Shi , Katherine S He , Longtian Ye , Alexander R. Fabbri , Pengfei Liu , Dragomir Radev , Arman Cohan

NLP benchmarks rely on standardized datasets for training and evaluating models and are crucial for advancing the field. Traditionally, expert annotations ensure high-quality labels; however, the cost of expert annotation does not scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Omer Nahum , Nitay Calderon , Orgad Keller , Idan Szpektor , Roi Reichart

Image tagging, a fundamental vision task, traditionally relies on human-annotated datasets to train multi-label classifiers, which incurs significant labor and costs. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) offer promising potential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ming-Kun Xie , Jia-Hao Xiao , Zhiqiang Kou , Zhongnian Li , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Despite advances in the field of privacy-preserving Natural Language Processing (NLP), a significant challenge remains the accurate evaluation of privacy. As a potential solution, using LLMs as a privacy evaluator presents a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Stephen Meisenbacher , Alexandra Klymenko , Florian Matthes

The construction of high-quality parallel corpora for translation research has increasingly evolved from simple sentence alignment to complex, multi-layered annotation tasks. This methodological shift presents significant challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Baorong Huang , Ali Asiri

In this work, we explore the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to annotate hate speech and abusiveness while considering predefined annotator personas within the strong-to-weak data perspectivism spectra. We evaluated LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Olufunke O. Sarumi , Charles Welch , Daniel Braun , Jörg Schlötterer

Traditional human-in-the-loop-based annotation for time-series data like inertial data often requires access to alternate modalities like video or audio from the environment. These alternate sources provide the necessary information to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Aritra Hota , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Sandip Chakraborty
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