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Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, yet their evaluation, particularly in languages beyond the top $20$, remains inadequate due to existing benchmarks and metrics limitations. Employing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Rishav Hada , Varun Gumma , Adrian de Wynter , Harshita Diddee , Mohamed Ahmed , Monojit Choudhury , Kalika Bali , Sunayana Sitaram

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable advances, and several claims have been made about their exceeding human performance. However, in real-world tasks, domain knowledge is often required. Low-resource learning methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yuxuan Lu , Bingsheng Yao , Shao Zhang , Yun Wang , Peng Zhang , Tun Lu , Toby Jia-Jun Li , Dakuo Wang

Technology acceptance models effectively predict how users will adopt new technology products. Traditional surveys, often expensive and cumbersome, are commonly used for this assessment. As an alternative to surveys, we explore the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Pawel Robert Smolinski , Joseph Januszewicz , Jacek Winiarski

A Large Language Model (LLM) as judge evaluates the quality of victim Machine Learning (ML) models, specifically LLMs, by analyzing their outputs. An LLM as judge is the combination of one model and one specifically engineered judge prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tom Biskupski , Stephan Kleber

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used as scalable evaluators of model responses in lieu of human annotators. However, imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the LLM judges induce bias in naive evaluation scores. We propose a simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chungpa Lee , Thomas Zeng , Jongwon Jeong , Jy-yong Sohn , Kangwook Lee

The increasing capacities of large language models (LLMs) have been shown to present an unprecedented opportunity to scale up data analytics in the humanities and social sciences, by automating complex qualitative tasks otherwise typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Andres Karjus

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 promise automation with better results and less programming, opening up new opportunities for text analysis in political science. In this study, we evaluate LLMs on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Lorenzo Lupo , Oscar Magnusson , Dirk Hovy , Elin Naurin , Lena Wängnerud

Using large language models (LLMs) for automatic evaluation has become an important evaluation method in NLP research. However, it is unclear whether these LLM-based evaluators can be applied in real-world classrooms to assess student…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Cheng-Han Chiang , Wei-Chih Chen , Chun-Yi Kuan , Chienchou Yang , Hung-yi Lee

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) opens up the possibility of using them as personal tutors. This has led to the development of several intelligent tutoring systems and learning assistants that use LLMs as back-ends with…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Sankalan Pal Chowdhury , Terry Jingchen Zhang , Donya Rooein , Dirk Hovy , Tanja Käser , Mrinmaya Sachan

Data annotation refers to the labeling or tagging of textual data with relevant information. A large body of works have reported positive results on leveraging LLMs as an alternative to human annotators. However, existing studies focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Validating evaluation metrics for NLG typically relies on expensive and time-consuming human annotations, which predominantly exist only for English datasets. We propose \textit{LLM as a Meta-Judge}, a scalable framework that utilizes LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Lukáš Eigler , Jindřich Libovický , David Hurych

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in biomedical relation extraction, even in zero-shot scenarios. However, evaluating LLMs in this task remains challenging due to their ability to generate human-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Israt Jahan , Elham Dolatabadi , Chun Peng , Enamul Hoque , Jimmy Huang

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been deployed to tackle various software engineering (SE) tasks like code generation, significantly advancing the automation of SE tasks. However, assessing the quality of these LLM-generated code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Ruiqi Wang , Jiyu Guo , Cuiyun Gao , Guodong Fan , Chun Yong Chong , Xin Xia

Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

[Background:] Thematic analysis of free-text justifications in human experiments provides significant qualitative insights. Yet, it is costly because reliable annotations require multiple domain experts. Large language models (LLMs) seem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Maria Camporese , Fabio Massacci , Yuanjun Gong

Pairwise preference data have played an important role in the alignment of large language models (LLMs). Each sample of such data consists of a prompt, two different responses to the prompt, and a binary label indicating which of the two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhongze Cai , Xiaocheng Li

Recently, there has been a growing trend of utilizing Large Language Model (LLM) to evaluate the quality of other LLMs. Many studies have fine-tuned judge models based on open-source LLMs for evaluation. While the fine-tuned judge models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hui Huang , Xingyuan Bu , Hongli Zhou , Yingqi Qu , Jing Liu , Muyun Yang , Bing Xu , Tiejun Zhao

LLM-as-a-Judge has been widely adopted as an evaluation method and served as supervised rewards in model training. However, existing benchmarks for LLM-as-a-Judge are mainly relying on human-annotated ground truth, which introduces human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Yuanning Feng , Sinan Wang , Zhengxiang Cheng , Yao Wan , Dongping Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to open-ended, interpretive annotation tasks, such as thematic analysis by researchers or generating feedback on student work by teachers. These tasks involve free-text annotations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Hyunji Nam , Lucia Langlois , James Malamut , Mei Tan , Dorottya Demszky

Many natural language processing (NLP) tasks rely on labeled data to train machine learning models with high performance. However, data annotation is time-consuming and expensive, especially when the task involves a large amount of data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Xingwei He , Zhenghao Lin , Yeyun Gong , A-Long Jin , Hang Zhang , Chen Lin , Jian Jiao , Siu Ming Yiu , Nan Duan , Weizhu Chen