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Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) attempts to find cryptographic protocols resistant to attacks using for instance Shor's polynomial time algorithm for numerical field problems like integer factorization (IFP) or the discrete logarithm (DLP).…

As quantum computing technology continues to advance, post-quantum cryptographic methods capable of resisting quantum attacks have emerged as a critical area of focus. Given the potential vulnerability of existing homomorphic encryption…

Nowadays, predominant asymmetric cryptographic schemes are considered to be secure because discrete logarithms are believed to be hard to be computed. The algorithm of Shor can effectively compute discrete logarithms, i.e. it can brake such…

The advent of quantum computing poses a profound threat to traditional cryptographic systems, exposing vulnerabilities that compromise the security of digital communication channels reliant on RSA, ECC, and similar classical encryption…

With the rapid advancements in quantum computing, traditional cryptographic schemes like Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) are becoming vulnerable, necessitating the development of quantum-resistant…

Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) that offers numerous benefits including decentralization, transparency, efficiency, and reduced costs. Hence, blockchain has been included in many fields. Blockchain relies on…

In this paper we study extensively the discrete logarithm problem in the group of non-singular circulant matrices. The emphasis of this study was to find the exact parameters for the group of circulant matrices for a secure implementation.…

Another threat is the development of large quantum computers, which have a high likelihood of breaking the high popular security protocols because it can use both Shor and Grover algorithms. In order to fix this looming threat,…

With the constantly advancing capabilities of quantum computers, conventional cryptographic systems relying on complex math problems may encounter unforeseen vulnerabilities. Unlike regular computers, which are often deemed cost-ineffective…

Shor's quantum factoring algorithm and a few other efficient quantum algorithms break many classical crypto-systems. In response, people proposed post-quantum cryptography based on computational problems that are believed hard even for…

Cryptography is the study of techniques for ensuring the secrecy and authentication of the information. Public-key encryption schemes are secure only if the authenticity of the public-key is assured. Elliptic curve arithmetic can be used to…

Confidentiality in our digital world is based on the security of cryptographic algorithms. These are usually executed transparently in the background, with people often relying on them without further knowledge. In the course of…

This paper introduces a hybrid encryption framework combining classical cryptography (EdDSA, ECDH), post-quantum cryptography (ML-DSA-6x5, ML-KEM-768), and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) via Guardian to counter quantum computing threats.…

This paper presents an overview of the use of elliptic curves in cryptography. The security of this cryptosystem is based on the discrete logarithm problem, which appears to be much harder compared to the discrete logarithm problem in other…

We initiate the study of multi-party computation for classical functionalities (in the plain model) with security against malicious polynomial-time quantum adversaries. We observe that existing techniques readily give a polynomial-round…

The current blockchain system for cryptocurrency exchanges primarily employs elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for generating key pairs in wallets, and elliptic curve digital signature algorithms (ECDSA) for generating signatures in…

An elliptic curve-based signcryption scheme is introduced in this paper that effectively combines the functionalities of digital signature and encryption, and decreases the computational costs and communication overheads in comparison with…

The advantages of post-quantum cryptography over classical cryptography are covered in this survey. We address several post-quantum cryptography techniques. We conclude that the deployment of quantum-safe cryptographic systems is…

The aim of this paper is to elucidate the implications of quantum computing in present cryptography and to introduce the reader to basic post-quantum algorithms. In particular the reader can delve into the following subjects: present…

The paper explains that post-quantum cryptography is necessary due to the introduction of quantum computing causing certain algorithms to be broken. We analyze the different types of post-quantum cryptography, quantum cryptography and…