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Tokenization imposes a fixed granularity on the input text, freezing how a language model operates on data and how far in the future it predicts. Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) and similar schemes split text once, build a static vocabulary, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Mathurin Videau , Badr Youbi Idrissi , Alessandro Leite , Marc Schoenauer , Olivier Teytaud , David Lopez-Paz

Tokenization -- the process of decomposing a given text into a sequence of subwords called tokens -- is one of the key components in the development of language models. Particularly, auto-regressive language models generate texts token by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daiki Chijiwa , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Tomoya Ohba , Tamao Sakao , Susumu Takeuchi

Contextual embedding-based language models trained on large data sets, such as BERT and RoBERTa, provide strong performance across a wide range of tasks and are ubiquitous in modern NLP. It has been observed that fine-tuning these models on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Vin Sachidananda , Jason S. Kessler , Yi-an Lai

The attention mechanisms are playing a boosting role in advancements in sequence-to-sequence problems. Transformer architecture achieved new state of the art results in machine translation, and it's variants are since being introduced in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Abhishek Niranjan , M Ali Basha Shaik , Kushal Verma

Character-level language models obviate the need for separately trained tokenizers, but efficiency suffers from longer sequence lengths. Learning to combine character representations into tokens has made training these models more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 William Fleshman , Benjamin Van Durme

As a cornerstone in language modeling, tokenization involves segmenting text inputs into pre-defined atomic units. Conventional statistical tokenizers often disrupt constituent boundaries within words, thereby corrupting semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Qingyang Zhu , Xiang Hu , Pengyu Ji , Wei Wu , Kewei Tu

The advent of recurrent neural networks for handwriting recognition marked an important milestone reaching impressive recognition accuracies despite the great variability that we observe across different writing styles. Sequential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Lei Kang , Pau Riba , Marçal Rusiñol , Alicia Fornés , Mauricio Villegas

Paralinguistic speech processing is important in addressing many issues, such as sentiment and neurocognitive disorder analyses. Recently, Transformer has achieved remarkable success in the natural language processing field and has…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-01 Weidong Chen , Xiaofen Xing , Xiangmin Xu , Jianxin Pang , Lan Du

Recent advances in large language models have shown that autoregressive modeling can generate complex and novel sequences that have many real-world applications. However, these models must generate outputs autoregressively, which becomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Asier Mujika

Modern language models mostly take sub-words as input, a design that balances the trade-off between vocabulary size, number of parameters, and performance. However, sub-word tokenization still has disadvantages like not being robust to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Chu-Tak Lee , Qipeng Guo , Xipeng Qiu

Modern language models still rely on fixed, pre-defined subword tokenizations. Once a tokenizer is trained, the LM can only operate at this fixed level of granularity, which often leads to brittle and counterintuitive behaviors even in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Chunyuan Deng , Sanket Lokegaonkar , Colin Lockard , Besnik Fetahu , Nasser Zalmout , Xian Li

Large language models (LLMs) trained with canonical tokenization exhibit surprising robustness to non-canonical inputs such as character-level tokenization, yet the mechanisms underlying this robustness remain unclear. We study this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhipeng Yang , Shu Yang , Lijie Hu , Di Wang

While there have been significant advances in de-tecting emotions in text, in the field of utter-ance-level emotion recognition (ULER), there are still many problems to be solved. In this paper, we address some challenges in ULER in dialog…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-19 QingBiao Li , ChunHua Wu , KangFeng Zheng , Zhe Wang

Subword tokenization schemes are the dominant technique used in current NLP models. However, such schemes can be rigid and tokenizers built on one corpus do not adapt well to other parallel corpora. It has also been observed that in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar , Xiangpeng Wan , Yu Cheng , Junjie Hu

Transformer models yield impressive results on many NLP and sequence modeling tasks. Remarkably, Transformers can handle long sequences which allows them to produce long coherent outputs: full paragraphs produced by GPT-3 or well-structured…

Adapting language models to new data distributions by simple finetuning is challenging. This is due to the rigidity of their subword tokenizers, which typically remain unchanged during adaptation. This inflexibility often leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Abraham Toluwase Owodunni , Orevaoghene Ahia , Sachin Kumar

Neural machine translation has achieved remarkable empirical performance over standard benchmark datasets, yet recent evidence suggests that the models can still fail easily dealing with substandard inputs such as misspelled words, To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Haohan Wang , Peiyan Zhang , Eric P. Xing

Recent large language models have shifted SVG generation from differentiable rendering optimization to autoregressive program synthesis. However, existing approaches still rely on generic byte-level tokenization inherited from natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Ximing Xing , Ziteng Xue , Zhenxi Li , Weicong Liang , Linqing Wang , Zhantao Yang , Tiankai Hang , Zijin Yin , Qinglin Lu , Chunyu Wang , Qian Yu

Commonly-used transformer language models depend on a tokenization schema which sets an unchangeable subword vocabulary prior to pre-training, destined to be applied to all downstream tasks regardless of domain shift, novel word formations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Yuval Pinter , Amanda Stent , Mark Dredze , Jacob Eisenstein

Tokenization significantly influences language models(LMs)' performance. This paper traces the evolution of tokenizers from word-level to subword-level, analyzing how they balance tokens and types to enhance model adaptability while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Jinbiao Yang