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Distributed word embeddings have shown superior performances in numerous Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, their performances vary significantly across different tasks, implying that the word embeddings learnt by those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-21 Danushka Bollegala , Kohei Hayashi , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi

The use of large pretrained neural networks to create contextualized word embeddings has drastically improved performance on several natural language processing (NLP) tasks. These computationally expensive models have begun to be applied to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Benjamin Clavié , Kobi Gal

Pre-trained transformer models shine in many natural language processing tasks and therefore are expected to bear the representation of the input sentence or text meaning. These sentence-level embeddings are also important in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Lukas Stankevičius , Mantas Lukoševičius

We introduce LM-Lexicon, an innovative definition modeling approach that incorporates data clustering, semantic expert learning, and model merging using a sparse mixture-of-experts architecture. By decomposing the definition modeling task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yang Liu , Jiaye Yang , Weikang Li , Jiahui Liang , Yang Li , Lingyong Yan

Learning a high-dimensional dense representation for vocabulary terms, also known as a word embedding, has recently attracted much attention in natural language processing and information retrieval tasks. The embedding vectors are typically…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Hamed Zamani , W. Bruce Croft

Token embeddings, a mapping from discrete lexical symbols to continuous vectors, are at the heart of any language model (LM). However, lexical symbol meanings can also be determined and even redefined by their structural role in a long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Qian Huang , Eric Zelikman , Sarah Li Chen , Yuhuai Wu , Gregory Valiant , Percy Liang

Although large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their strong intelligence ability, the high demand for computation and storage hinders their practical application. To this end, many model compression techniques are proposed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Ge Yang , Changyi He , Jinyang Guo , Jianyu Wu , Yifu Ding , Aishan Liu , Haotong Qin , Pengliang Ji , Xianglong Liu

Word embeddings are widely used in Natural Language Processing, mainly due to their success in capturing semantic information from massive corpora. However, their creation process does not allow the different meanings of a word to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-22 Massimiliano Mancini , Jose Camacho-Collados , Ignacio Iacobacci , Roberto Navigli

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable success in comprehension tasks such as visual description and visual question answering. However, their direct application to embedding-based tasks like retrieval remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Lihao Liu , Yan Wang , Biao Yang , Da Li , Jiangxia Cao , Yuxiao Luo , Xiang Chen , Xiangyu Wu , Wei Yuan , Fan Yang , Guiguang Ding , Tingting Gao , Guorui Zhou

Large language models (LLMs), endowed with exceptional reasoning capabilities, are adept at discerning profound user interests from historical behaviors, thereby presenting a promising avenue for the advancement of recommendation systems.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Guanghan Li , Xun Zhang , Yufei Zhang , Yifan Yin , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin

Objective and scalable measurement of teaching quality is a persistent challenge in education. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential, general-purpose models have struggled to reliably apply complex, authentic classroom…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Michael Hardy

Sentence embeddings are an important component of many natural language processing (NLP) systems. Like word embeddings, sentence embeddings are typically learned on large text corpora and then transferred to various downstream tasks, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-28 John Giorgi , Osvald Nitski , Bo Wang , Gary Bader

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) benchmarks, yet they remain highly vulnerable to minor input perturbations. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate Token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Jui-Ming Yao , Hao-Yuan Chen , Zi-Xian Tang , Bing-Jia Tan , Sheng-Wei Peng , Bing-Cheng Xie , Shun-Feng Su

Text embedding representing natural language documents in a semantic vector space can be used for document retrieval using nearest neighbor lookup. In order to study the feasibility of neural models specialized for retrieval in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Christian Szegedy , Xiaowei Xu

Foundation models based on large language models (LLMs) have shown great success in handling various tasks and modalities. However, adapting these models for general-purpose audio-language tasks is challenging due to differences in acoustic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Pooneh Mousavi , Shubham Gupta , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

Providing subject access to information resources is an essential function of any library management system. Large language models (LLMs) have been widely used in classification and summarization tasks, but their capability to perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Jinyu Liu , Xiaoying Song , Diana Zhang , Jason Thomale , Daqing He , Lingzi Hong

Recently, numerous embedding models have been made available and widely used for various NLP tasks. The Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) has primarily simplified the process of choosing a model that performs well for several tasks in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Mathieu Ciancone , Imene Kerboua , Marion Schaeffer , Wissam Siblini

Semantic caching enhances the efficiency of large language model (LLM) systems by identifying semantically similar queries, storing responses once, and serving them for subsequent equivalent requests. However, existing semantic caching…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Shervin Ghaffari , Zohre Bahranifard , Mohammad Akbari

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) project visual tokens into the embedding space of language models, yet the internal structuring and processing of visual semantics remain poorly understood. In this work, we introduce a two-fold…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yingqi Fan , Junlong Tong , Anhao Zhao , Xiaoyu Shen

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely employed across various application domains, yet their black-box nature poses significant challenges to understanding how these models process input data internally to make predictions. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hangfeng He , Weijie J. Su