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Today, hardware constraints are an important limitation on quantum adiabatic optimization algorithms. Firstly, computational problems must be formulated as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) in the presence of noisy coupling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-06 Andrew Lucas

Simulated annealing (SA) is a key algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems, which model numerous real-world systems. While SA is commonly used to solve quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems, many…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-05 Kohei Suzuki

In experimental High-Energy Physics, unfolding refers to the problem of estimating the underlying distribution of a physical observable from detector-level data, in the presence of statistical fluctuations and systematic uncertainties.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Simone Gasperini , Gianluca Bianco , Marco Lorusso , Carla Rieger , Michele Grossi

Constraints make hard optimization problems even harder to solve on quantum devices because they are implemented with large energy penalties and additional qubit overhead. The parity mapping, which has been introduced as an alternative to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-20 Maike Drieb-Schön , Kilian Ender , Younes Javanmard , Wolfgang Lechner

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising variational quantum algorithm introduced to tackle classically intractable combinatorial optimization problems. This tutorial offers a comprehensive, first-principles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Alessandro Giovagnoli

We demonstrate that the search space of the quadratic assignment problem (QAP), known as an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, can be reduced using Grover adaptive search (GAS) with permutation preparation operator (PPO). To that…

Leveraging quantum computers for optimization problems holds promise across various application domains. Nevertheless, utilizing respective quantum computing solvers requires describing the optimization problem according to the Quadratic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Deborah Volpe , Nils Quetschlich , Mariagrazia Graziano , Giovanna Turvani , Robert Wille

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) can be used to solve quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems. However, the size of the solvable problem is limited by the number of qubits. To leverage noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-10 Wending Zhao , Gaoxiang Tang

Quantum computing provides powerful algorithmic tools that have been shown to outperform established classical solvers in specific optimization tasks. A core step in solving optimization problems with known quantum algorithms such as the…

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) provide a promising framework for tackling complex optimization problems on near-term quantum hardware. Here, we demonstrate that hybrid qubit--qumode quantum devices offer an efficient route to solving…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) requires considered optimization problems to be translated into a compatible format. A popular transformation step in this pipeline involves the quadratization of higher-order binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Damian Rovara , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

Ising machines are next-generation computers expected to efficiently sample near-optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. Combinatorial optimization problems are modeled as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Kentaro Ohno , Nozomu Togawa

In this paper we discuss Grover Adaptive Search (GAS) for Constrained Polynomial Binary Optimization (CPBO) problems, and in particular, Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems, as a special case. GAS can provide a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-08 Austin Gilliam , Stefan Woerner , Constantin Gonciulea

This article describes how to solve Sudoku puzzles using Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO). To this end, a QUBO instance with 729 variables is constructed, encoding a Sudoku grid with all constraints in place, which is then…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-11 Sascha Mücke

This work presents a novel tensor network algorithm for solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems, Quadratic Unconstrained Discrete Optimization (QUDO) problems, and Tensor Quadratic Unconstrained Discrete…

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is designed to determine optimum and near optimum solutions of quadratic (and higher order) unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO or HUBO) problems, which in turn accurately model…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Prashanti Priya Angara , Danylo Lykov , Ulrike Stege , Yuri Alexeev , Hausi Müller

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems are NP hard; thus, so far, there are no algorithms to solve them efficiently. There are exact methods like the Branch-and-Bound algorithm for smaller problems, and for larger…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-08 Máté Tibor Veszeli , Gábor Vattay

We introduce a novel Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulation method for spanning tree problems. Instead of encoding the presence of edges in the tree individually, we opt to encode spanning trees as a permutation…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Ivan Carvalho

We introduce a novel approach to translate arbitrary 3-SAT instances to Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) as they are used by quantum annealing (QA) or the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). Our approach…

Many artificial intelligence (AI) problems naturally map to NP-hard optimization problems. This has the interesting consequence that enabling human-level capability in machines often requires systems that can handle formally intractable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-29 Hartmut Neven , Geordie Rose , William G. Macready